რატომ გვძარცვავენ ბანკები ასე თავისუფლად და დაუსჯელად?
ირმა ცეცხლაძე 27 48 94
mTavrobis mier gadadgmuli rigi nabijebis miuxedavad, jer kidev mZimea saqarTvelos mosaxleobis socialuri foni. umeSevarTa armia
TvaldaTval izrdeba, rasac emateba bankebis procentebiT gaubedurebuli, qonebis, saxl-karisa da samsaxuris gareSe darCenili adamianebis
gauTavebeli mwkrivi
dResdReobiT 10-dan 9 ojaxSi erTi da igive problemaa – sad iSovon bankis sesxis gadasafari fuli, gadarCebian Tu ara xelfasis, saxlis, manqanis dayadaRebas. onlainbankebis SezRudviT TiTqos Sveba mieca xalxs, Tumca es ar gaxda sakmarisi mizerul xelfasze damokidebulTaTvis.
paralelurad, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba cdilobs biznesis wamowyebas, miT umetes, rom saxelmwifo sxvadasxva programiT realurad aZlevs maT amis Sanss, magram Cveni xalxi xels kidebs imas, rac ar icis, ara aqvs Seswavlili da arc unarebi aqvs saamisod gamomuSavebuli. Sedegad, isedac SeWirvebulebi, valebSi vardebian da isev da isev saxelwifo politikis qarcecxlSi gatarebiT ioxeben guls. imedad, erTaderT gamosavals itoveben – momaval arCevnebSi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar miscemen xmas im partias, romelmac ocnebebi gauwbila.
xalxis ganwyobis miuxedavad, saqstati aqveynebs sakmaod damamSvidebel monacemebs da gvarwmunebs, rom saarsebo minimumi Cvens qveyanaSi arc ise bevria da `Tu WkuiT viqnebiT~, SevZlebT Tavis rCenasac da sarfiani biznesis wamowyebasac.
Tu ratom ar gvadgeba saSveli, raSi mdgomareobs Cveni xalxis problema da ratom gvZarcvaven bankebi ase Tavisuflad, SevecadeT gagverkvia baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis profesorTan vaJa veruliZesTan. gTavazobT masTan intervius.
– saqarTvelo da evrokavSiri erToblivad aRniSnaven saqarTveloSi sajaro finansebis marTvis reformebis mxardaWeris meaTe wlisTavs. TbilisSi gamarTul konferenciaze isic ki aRiniSna, rom am TanamSromlobis Sedegad Seiqmna ufro gamWvirvale, advilad aRsaqmeli da saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli sabiujeto sistema… batono vaJa, es yvelaferi Zalian momxiblavad JRers, magram sabolood ras gvaZlevs Cven – moqalaqeebs, romlebic sulmouTqmelad velodebiT evrokavSirTan miaxloebas, iqneb maTi wyali gadmogvesxaso?..
– sajaro marTva aris gamWvirvale, angariSvaldebuli da integrirebuli sabiujeto sistemis ganuyofeli nawili, rac imis safuZvelia, rom mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli programebi da momsaxureba efeqturad miewodos sazogadoebas. rac Seexeba gamWvirvalobas – gulisxmobs biujetis saSemosavlo da xarjviTi nawilis Sesaxeb informaciaze xelmisawvdomobas, es SesaZlebelia saTanado veb-gverdze im wyaros moZiebiT, romelic ar aris SezRuduli. nebismier moqalaqes SeuZlia miiRos sasurveli informacia biujetis Sesrulebis an yovelTviuri xarjvis procesis Sesaxeb. es yvelaferi axla gveCveneba Cveulebriv ambad, magram sul raRac aTi wlis win veravin warmoidgenda, Tu aseTi formiT SeZlebda moqalaqe Caexeda saxelmwifo biujetSi. sazogadoeba ukve CarTulia saxelmwifo marTvis procesebSi, mTavaria, es yvelaferi Cven Tavad gavacnobieroT, gavaanalizoT da vimoqmedoT adekvaturad, Tundac arCevnebis periodSi.
– ramdenad srulyofilad migaCniaT saxelmwifo biujeti da aqvs Tu ara SesaZlebloba nebismier moqalaqes, miiRos misTvis saintereso informacia?
– moqalaqes SeuZlia daikmayofilos Tavisi interesi mxolod biujetis saSemosavlo da xarjviT nawilSi mimdinare procesebze, xolo im informaciis mosapoveblad, rac dakavSirebulia xarjvis detalebTan an saxelmwifo SesyidvebTan, unda isargeblon Sesabamisi struqturebis informaciiT. magaliTad, saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris funqciaSi Sedis, gaarkvios, ramdenad kanonierad ixarjeba sabiujeto Tanxebi. saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri aqveynebs aseve yovelwliur angariSebs, sadac detaluradaa aRwerili is darRvevebi, romelic konkretul uwyebaSi dafiqsirda.
– ra aris mTavari mizezi, ris gamoc saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesis dawyebis msurvelebs uWirT saqmis awyoba?
– mTavari mizezi gaxlavT is, rom sazogadoebis nawili, romelsac surs sakuTari saqmis wamowyeba, araa Caxeduli sabazro ekonomikis ZiriTad principebSi.
– es xom absurdia, aba, risi an visi imediT iwyeben?
– amaSia problema – adamiani iwyebs saqmes, romelsac Tavi kargad gaarTva misma nacnobma, magram Tavad ver axerxebs informaciis naklebobis Tu ucodinarobis gamo. ubralod, ar gaaCnia saTanado unarebi, romlis SeZena saqmis dawyebamdea aucilebeli.
– Tu SeiZleba, ufro detalurad visaubroT am Temaze…
– ki batono, daviwyoT Tundac imiT, rac yvelam viciT, nebismieri potenciuri mewarme adgens biznesgegmas. mxedvelobaSi maqvs ganviTarebuli qveynebis warmomadgenlebi, sadac saTanado unar-Cvevebi ukve Camoyalibebuli aqvT da am gegmis SemuSavebiT, gaazrebiT da gaanalizebiT iwyeben saqmianobas. axla gavarkvioT – ra xdeba CvenTan? mewarmeobis msurvelTa Zalian didma nawilma, samwuxarod, arc ki icis biznesgegmis Sedgena. problemis mosagvareblad mimarTaven martiv sqemas – ixdian fuls da gegmas awerineben sruliad ucnob (zogjer nacnobs – ufasod) pirovnebas. arada, sxva, jer erTi, verc gagikeTebs Sens saqmes jerovnad da romc gagikeTos, Tavad Tu ver erkvevi siatuaciaSi, ar gaqvs Seswavlili bazari, konkurencia, produqciis sabiTumo Tu sacalo fasebi da a. S. cxadia, ver moabam Tavs im saqmes, romelsac iwyeb. codna sWirdeba nebismier saqmes, Tundac mcire biznessac, arada, swored codnis mZafr deficits ganicdis am etapze Cveni mosaxleoba.
– Tavad mewarmeebis azriT, gadasaxadebi da finansebze xelmiuwvdomlobaa mTavari mizezi.
– simarTle giTxraT, mcire da saSualo mewarmeebisaTvis gadasaxdebi sakmaod dabalia. Tu mxedvelobaSi aqvT sabanko sesxis procentebi, maSin veTanxmebi, rom maRalia, magram biznesgegmis SemuSaveba xom swored amas gulisxmobs: biznesis dawyebamde ukve ici, giRirs Tu ara sesxis aReba. is, visac sworad aqvs gaTvlili yvela nabiji, rasakvirvelia, iRebs sesxs da am TanxiT axerxebs ara mxolod biznesis dawyebas, aramed misgan mogebis miRebas da sabanko procentebis droulad gadafarvas.
– saxelmwifo ramdenad exmareba damwyeb biznesmenebs?
– rac Seexeba mcire bizness, sakmaod karg daxmarebas Rebulobs. programiT `awarmoe saqarTveloSi~ arsebobs Tanadafinansebis fondi, romelic amsubuqebs bankis maRali saprocento ganakveTidan miRebul tvirTs. marTalia, sabanko procentebis gadaxda uWirT, magram saxelmwifo programaSi moxvedrilTaTvis es ar aris gadauWreli problema.
– ratomRac, swored amaze akeTeben aqcents Cveni xelmocaruli Tanamemamuleebi…
– erT-erT faqtorad SeiZleba miviCnioT, magram ara – ganmsazRvrelad. mTavar problemad rCeba isev da isev is, rom biznesis dawyeba xdeba garkveuli varaudiT, Sinagani ganwyobiTY da molodiniT – radgan sxvasTan am saqmem gaamarTla, CemTvisac analogiurad warmatebuli iqneba. erTxel da samudamod unda SevignoT, gavacnobieroT, rom problema mdgomareobs ara finansebsa da maRal procentebSi, aramed dabali donis codnasa da unarebis arqonaSi. merwmuneT, sworad gaTvlis SemTxvevaSi, namdvilad SeiZleba sarfiani biznesis awyoba da ganviTareba.
– aris Tu ara ekonomikuri Tavisufleba saqarTveloSi anu ramdenad ereva saxelmwifo struqturebi kerZo biznesis saqmianobaSi?
– Tqven, albaT, gulisxmobT uxeS Carevas… simarTle giTxraT, me ar var CarTuli am seqtorSi, ase rom, raime konkretul SemTxvevebze ver visaubreb, magram arc biznesmenebisgan, arc sxvebisgan msgavsi tipis Carevebze ar msmenia.
– lari gamyarda da SeCerda garkveul niSnulze, Tumca gaZvirebuli produqti ar gaiafebula. mavanni sigaretis aqcizis gaZvirebasac moiazreben erT-erT mizezad. gaZvirda sigareti – mZRolma mgzavroba gaaZvira, glexma – pomidori…
– sigaretis fasis gazrdam, SesaZloa, raRac momentSi, konkretuli moqalaqis kerZo gadawyvetilebaze imoqmedos da gaaZviros pomidori, Tumca aqcizi saqarTveloSi gaizarda ara mxolod sigaretze, aramed navTobproduqtebzec, ramac gavlena moaxdina samomxmareblo fasebze.
garda aRniSnulisa, arsebobs aseve gare faqtorebi. mogexsenebaT, dolaris kursis ryevis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxlavT navTobis fasis cvlileba saerTaSoriso bazarze. maisidan moyolebuli, navTobis fasi TandaTanobiT mcirdeba. dRes igi ukve erTi bareli 49 dolaramdea… swored am fasis Semcireba iwvevs dolaris gamyarebas da sxva valutis gaufasurebas mis mimarT.
– miuxedavad amisa, lari gamyarebulia…
– lari gamyarebulia imitom, rom zafxulia da importze aRar aris iseTi moTxovna, rogorc zamTarSi. mogexsenebaT, Cveni samomxmareblo bazris 75% importirebulia. lamis mTlianad damokidebuli varT ucxour saqonelze, Tumca zafxulobiT es moTxovna mcirdeba, rac met-naklebad, gvexmareba wonasworobis SenarCunebaSi. sezonuri faqtori rom ar iyos, lari kidev ufro metad gaufasurdeboda, rac gardauvalia dekember-ianvarSi. es garemoeba metyvelebs imaze, Tu ramdenad aramdgradi ekonomika gvaqvs. anu erovnuli valuta mdgradi ekonomikis pirobebSi ar iryeva sezonurad, amitom, sanam qveyanaSi ar gaZlierdeba ekonomikis realuri seqtori, sanam Tavad ar gavxdebiT pirveladi moxmarebis saqonlis mwarmoeblebi da sanam ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba ar iqneba daculi, manam es procesebi sezonurobis Tanmdevi iqneba da TavisTavad – meryevi.
– premier-ministrma postze mosvlisTanave gadadga ekonomikis gasaZliereblad sakmaod mniSvnelovani nabijebi. maT Soris, dainerga mogebis gadasaxadis estonuri modeli, romelic ukve 2017 wlis pirveli ianvridanaa ZalaSi Sesuli…
– ki, batono, wels 1 ianvars amoqmedebuli modeli ukve ivlisSi Sedegs ver mogvcems, miT umetes, rom saubaria mewarmeTa mogebis gadasaxdisgan gaTavisuflebaze, Tuki isini moaxdenen im Tanxis reinvesticias anu ukan biznesSi Cabrunebas. piriqiT, es modeli TavisTavad gulisxmobs dagvianebul Sedegs, vinaidan gadasaxadebi Semcirdeba pirvel etapze, Tumca, Semdgom, cxadia, marTlac kargi Sedegi unda mogvces.
– agreTve, 2016 wels gamocxadda biznesis amnistia…
– diax, Camoiwera 2 miliardze meti lari, Tumca esec imitom moxda, rom aRniSnul kompaniebs bolo periodSi aqtivobebi aRar ufiqsirdebodaT da am Tanxas verafriT amoiRebdnen biznesidan, igi ukve dakarguli iyo saxelmwifosTvis da fuW tvirTad awva sagadasaxdo struqturebs. am qmedebebiT saxelmwifom marTlac daimsaxura ndoba biznesis garkveul wreebSi, Tumca jer kidev bevri ram aris gasakeTebeli.
– minda isev da isev bankebs da maRal procentebs mivubrundeT. ra unda gaakeTos saxelmwifom imisaTvis, rom gadaarCinos sakuTari moqalaqeebi bankebis mier saqarTveloSi wamowyebuli genocidisagan. diax, sakmaod xmamaRali naTqvamia, magram sesxebis procentebis gamo momxdari yoveldRiuri SemTxvevebi – saxl-karis gareSe darCenili, siRaribis zRvars miRma myofi, Rirsebaayrili Tanamoqalaqeebi, romelTa didi nawili suicidzec ki fiqrobs (Tu ver axorcielebs), ar mitoveben gamosavals, sxvagvarad vuwodo am process.
– am seqtorSi marTlac rTuli viTarebaa. maRali procentebi gamowveulia konkurenciis naklebobiT an SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyos xelovnurad mimdinare procesebTan. saxelmwifos pirdapiri funqciaa konkurenciis stimulireba. saqarTveloSi 19 bankia. TiTqos bevria Cveni patara qveynis mcire mosaxleobisaTvis, magram radgan procentebi maRalia, – gamodis, saxeze ar gvaqvs konkurencia. samwuxarod, konkurenciis poroblema sxva dargebSic arsebobs da imitom aris maRali tarifebi yvelgan. saxelmwifom unda Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia da uzrunvelyos konkurentuli garemo am sferoSi. magaliTad, xeli Seuwyos fasiani qaRaldebis bazris ganviTarebas, romlis amoqmedebasac aferxebs bankebi, radgan es aris alternatiuli adgili, sadac aseve iqneba SesaZlebeli fulis dabandeba da iqidan procentis saxiT sargeblis miReba. aq kompaniebi ukeTesi pirobebiT moizidaven fulad resursebs, vidre komerciuli bankebis pirobebSi axerxeben amas.
– rogorc vici, CvenTan ukve arsebobs fasiani qaRaldebis bazari.
– arsebobs, magram imdenad sustia, rom Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas – ar gvaqvs. arsebuli bazari normalurad rom funqcionirebdes, TavisTavad, warmoiqmneboda realuri konkurencia da dabla daswevda sabanko procentebs.
yvela qveynis mTavrobis upirvelesi funqciaa, Tavisufali bazris da Tavisufali fasebis uzrunvelyofa, rac martivad miiRweva sakanonmdeblo regulirebiT da ara biznesSi uxeSi CareviT. gamodis, saxelmwifo Tavis pirdapir daniSnulebas ver asrulebs, amitom xdeba is, rac xdeba.
– kidev ra ar aris da unda iyos Cvens qveyanaSi?
– aseve, Cvens qveyanaSi ar aris mowesrigebuli depozitebis dazRvevis sistema. Tqven rom iyoT dazRveuli, bankis gakotrebis SemTxvevaSic ki daibrunebT masSi ganTavsebul anabars, ar SegeSindebodaT fulis Senaxva.
– mgoni, axla iwyeba am dazRvevis sistemis danergva?..
– diax, iwyeben, radgan evrokavSirma asocirebis xelSekrulebiT dagvavala. Tavis droze am processac xels uSlidnen bankebi.
– rac mTavaria, xom daiwyo Zvrebi, iqneb gveSvelos?
– daiwyo, magram mxolod mas Semdeg, rac gvaiZules, dagvavales. arada, ra gamodis, gvaiZuleben imas, rac Tavadac unda vicodeT da vakeTebdeT, radgan amas, upirvelesad, swored CvenTvis, Cveni xalxisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis moaqvs sargebeli. igive, konkurenciis sakiTxsac Tvalyurs adevnebs evrokavSiri da marTlac bevr saintereso da CvenTvis sasargeblo rekomendaciebs gvaZlevs. swored am xelSekrulebis gaformeba iZleva imeds, rom Cvens nebaze aRar iqneba damokidebuli ama Tu im sakiTxis mowesrigeba. Tuki gvinda maTTan kavSiri, maSin unda davemorCiloT TamaSis im wesebs, romelic evropaSia.
– xom arsebobs konkurenciis saagento, romlis funqciaa monopoliebis daSla?
– diax, arsebobs, magram, albaT, Tavs ver an ar arTmevs am procesebs. bankebis garda, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, uamravi dargia saqarTveloSi, sadac aSkarad figurirebs monopoliebi. Tuki es saagento ver dadga Tavis simaRleze (isev da isev mTavrobis xelSewyobiT), 19 ki ara, 119 banki rom Semovides saqarTveloSi, mainc ar iqneba konkurencia. amis monitoringi aqvs davalebuli saxelmwifos, esaa misi pirdapiri fuqcia da movaleoba. ukve arsebobs monopoliebis daSlis, konkurenciis daregulirebis aprobirebuli, samarTlebrivi gzebi. amis gareSe ver ganviTardeba bazari, jansaRi konkurenciis gareSe warmoudgenelia gafarTovdes da aRdges ekonomika.