,, დაგროვებითი პენსიის მოდელზე გადასვლა მარტივად ვერ მოხერხდება”
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israelidan Camosuli Cemi megobari, romelmac iqauri moqalaqeoba miiRo, guldawyvetili aRniSnavda, rom Cvens qveyanaSi arc ki cdiloben SeimuSaon axali sapensio modelebi, romelic ukve kargad muSaobs sxva qveynebSi da xandazmulebs lamis SesaSur perspeqtivas uqmnis pensiaSi gasvlisTanave…
rogorc iqna, CvenTanac daiwyes sapensio reformebze fiqri da ukve gaCnda dagrovebiTi pensiis sakmaod CaxlarTuli proeqti, romelsac undoblad uyurebs momaval pensionerTa didi nawili, radgan, rogorc Tavad acxadeben, veraferSi endobian saxelmwifos, romelmac araerTxel daukarga maT mama-papebs aTwleulobiT nagrovebi fuli. cxadia, genetikuri maxsovroba yvela Cvengans kargad aqvs ganviTarebuli, magram isic xom faqtia, im ori procentiT, xelfasebidan rom dagviqviTaven, Rirseuli siberisTvis saWiro Tanxas verafriT movuyriT Tavs.
eqspert-ekonomist tite aroSiZis TqmiT: `dagrovebiTi pensia sakmaod miRebuli praqtikaa msoflioSi. igi sapensio uzrunvelyofis arsebuli sistemis alternativaa, romelic moqalaqis mier pensiis individualur dagrovebas gulisxmobs. am SemTxvevaSi, Sromisunariani adamiani, romelic ibegreba, acnobierebs, rom mas wvlili Seaqvs sakuTari uzrunveli siberis dagegmvaSi. Sesabamisad, mas pensia ganesazRvreba imis mixedviT, ramdeni imuSava, ramxela iyo misi anazRaureba da ra wvlili Sehqonda sapensio fondSi~.
batoni tite miiCnevs, rom aRniSnuli modeli bevrad samarTliania, radgan iTvaliswinebs individualur faqtorebs – wvlils, romelic adamianma Seitana sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. misi ganmartebiT, am SemTxvevaSi adamianis sibere naklebad aris damokidebuli mTavrobebis cvlasa da politikur ambiciebze.
kiTxvaze, ra unda qnas adamianma, romelic subieqturi Tu obieqturi mizezebis gamo ver moxvda Sromis bazarze da amis gamo verc pensia daagrova, ekonomisti pasuxobs: `bunebrivia, dagrovebiT modelze gadasvla martivad ver moxerxdeba. amitom, gardamaval etapze mniSvnelovania arsebuli riskebis dazRveva. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, optimalur variantad SeiZleba miviCnioT sapensio uzrunvelyofis Sereuli modeli, romelic gulisxmobs pensiis uzrunvelyofas rogorc sabiujeto saxsrebidan, aseve dagrovebiTi meqanizmebiT. es modeli axali Taobis pensionerebis pensiaze daaxloebiT 20 wlis Semdeg aisaxeba~.
reformis konkretul sqemas tite aroSiZe Semdegnairad aRwers: `axali modeli gulisxmobs sistemaSi CarTuli dasaqmebuli piris mxridan saxelmwifo biujetSi kvlav 20%-is gadaxdas, saidanac saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs valdebulebas, 2% mimarTos piris dagrovebiTi angariSisken. amis paralelurad, moqalaqe damatebiT 2%-s ricxavs sapensio fondSi, damsaqmebeli ki, Tavis mxriv, kidev 2%-s. Sesabamisad, wlebis ganmavlobaSi moqalaqes angariSze ugrovdeba 6%, romelsac kerZo institutebi marTaven. sxvagvarad SeiZleba asec iTqvas, dasaqmebuls avtomaturad CamoeWreba xelfasidan 22%, Tumca ecodineba, rom aqedan 4% dagrovebiT angariSze aisaxeba, rasac damsaqmeblis mier Caricxuli 2%-ic daemateba~.
es yvelaferi Zalian kargad JRers, magram axalgazrda buRaltris nina beriZis SeniSvniT: `erT-erTi riskfaqtoria, rom am sistemaSi CarTva dasaqmebulisTvis nebayoflobiTia da amavdroulad, damsaqmeblis interesebs ewinaaRmdgeba~. am SeniSvnaze eqsperti pasuxobs, rom: `bunebrivia, damsaqmeblis interesebSia, SeewinaaRmdegos am 4%-is gadaricxvas, magram dasaqmebuls SeeZleba Tvali adevnos sakuTar portfelios, rac am procesSi monawileobis damatebiT motivacias qmnis~.
dagrovebiTi pensiis koncefcia, aseve, iTvaliswinebs gamonaklis SemTxvevebs, roca SesaZlebelia Tanxis moxsna avadmyofobis, ojaxis wevris gardacvalebis an Svilis ganaTlebis dafinansebis gamo, rac kidev erTi riskfaqtoria Cveni umweo mosaxleobis mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT. swored amitom, sistemis amoqmedebamde aucilebelia msgavsi riskebis siRrmiseuli gaanalizeba da prevencia. amaze tite aroSiZe acxadebs: `me ukve aRvniSne, rom reforma iTvaliswinebs ara pirdapir dagrovebiT, aramed Sereul modelze gadasvlas, rasac Tavisi logikuri axsna gaaCnia. dResdReobiT Sromisunariani mosaxleobis mxolod 20%-ia dasaqmebuli formalur seqtorSi, danarCeni umuSevaria an TviTdasaqmebuli – repetitori, ZiZa, soflis meurneobis muSaki da a.S. cxadia, aRuricxavi seqtoris Semosavlis mqone adamianebi am sistemaSi ver CaerTvebian. aqedan gamomdinare, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSic, saxelmwifo pirdapiri subsidirebis gareSe ver SeZlebs pensionerTa sruli Semadgenlobis uzrunvelyofas. amdenad, iarsebebs ori tipis pensia: socialuri da dagrovebiTi. pirveli pirdapir daifareba sabiujeto saxsrebiT, dafuZnebuli iqneba saarsebo minimumze, xolo dagrovebiTi pensia Sesabamis beneficiarTa ufro maRal keTildReobas uzrunvelyofs. aqve unda gaviTvaliswinoT – reformis mniSvnelovani sargebeli iqneba isic, rom xels Seuwyobs danazogebis moculobis zrdas mTel qveyanaSi da Seqmnis damatebiT wyaros investirebisTvis, rac qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze dadebiTad aisaxeba. Tumca mosaxleobis mxridan, es erTgvar riskadac ganixileba, vinaidan bundovania, Tu ra meqanizmebiT da vin unda marTos Tanxebi~.
bunebrivia, Cndeba SekiTxva, ramdenad dazRveuli iqneba resursi, xom ar gamoiyeneben mas sxva miznebisTvis krizisul viTarebaSi, razec pasuxi jer ar gaaCniaT Tavad proeqtis avtorebsac. batoni tite ki acxadebs: `Cven gagvaCnia warsulis mware gamocdileba, Tu ra mouvida anabrebs saxelmwifo wyobis cvlasTan dakavSirebiT da arc erTma saxelmwifom rom ar aiRo Tavis Tavze pasuxismgebloba xalxis fulis gauCinarebasTan dakavSirebiT. garkveuli riskebi igive inflaciasTan, fiskalur parametrebTan dakavSirebiT, aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinon manam, sanam proeqtis realizebas daiwyeben. aseve, mimaCnia, rom iZulebiTac ar unda iyos axal sistemaSi CarTva. Tavis droze yvela yvelafers gaigebs da miva im daskvnamde, rom dagrovebiTi pensia sakmaod miRebuli praqtikaa mTel msoflioSi da am sistemaze gadasvla Cveni keTildReobisaken mimavali gzis umniSvnelovanesi etapia~.
cnobisaTvis, sapensio reforma, romelic dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis Seqmnas iTvaliswinebs, saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministrom finansTa saministrosTan erTad moamzada. kanonproeqtze muSaobdnen aseve, donorebi: msoflio banki, aziis ganviTarebis banki, USAID G-4G, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da safrangeTis ganviTarebis saagento. rogorc proeqtSia gawerili: `sapensio reforma vrceldeba saqarTvelos moqalaqeebze an moqalaqeobis armqone pirebze, romlebic arian dasaqmebulebi an TviTdasaqmebulebi da iReben Semosavals. sapensio reformis ganxorcieleba erTdroulad daiwyeba rogorc sajaro, ise kerZo seqtorSi. masSi CarTva savaldebulo iqneba maTTvis, visac kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlamde Seusrulda 40 weli. rac Seexeba TviTdasaqmebulebs, isini nebayoflobiT gawevriandebian sistemaSi asakis miuxedavad. sapensio aqtivebis investireba moxdeba saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli standartebis dacviT, maRalkvalificiuri da gamocdili wevrebisagan Semdgari sainvesticio sabWos mier SemuSavebuli politikis Sesabamisad, romelic iTvaliswinebs sainvesticio instrumentebis likvidurobis da xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebis maRal standartebs, iseve, rogorc diversificirebulobis da usafrTxoebis sxva normebs~.
aWaris profkavSirebis Tavmjdomaris ilia verZaZis TqmiT: `imisTvis, rom gavaanalizoT arsebuli sapensio sistema da dagegmili reformis efeqtianoba, mniSvnelovania vicnobdeT im modelebs, romelTa mixedviTac uzrunvelyofilia pensia msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. maTi umravlesoba SeiZleba davyoT sam ZiriTad kategoriad: pirveli, tradiciuli modeli, CvenTvis yvelaze nacnobia. mas moixsenieben rogorc solidarul da socialur sapensio sitemas, radgan gulisxmobs Sromis bazarze myofi mosaxleobis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebidan sapensio xarjebis uzrunvelyofas. anu adamianebi, romlebic vmuSaobT, vibegrebiT da avtomaturad varCenT qveynis asakovan mosaxleobas. saqarTvelos SezRuduli resursebidan gamomdinare ki es sistema mimarTulia moxucebisaTvis mxolod minimaluri socialuri daxmarebis aRmosaCenad da amis gamo ver uzrunvelvyofT maT realur keTildReobas~.
sxvaTa Soris, saTanado wyaroebs Tu gadavxedavT, aRmovaCenT, rom tradiciuli sapensio modelis problemurobaze saubari 90-iani wlebidan daiwyo. am mxriv pirveli siRrmiseuli analizi 1994 wels warmoadgina msoflio bankma publikaciaSi Averting The Old age Crisis: Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growt. amave dokumentSi daisva sakiTxi arsebuli sistemis reformirebis aucileblobasTan dakavSirebiT. mas Semdeg araerTma qveyanam ganaxorciela sapensio reforma, Cven ki mxolod axla SevZeliT dagvewyo amaze fiqri da isev msoflio bankis daxmarebiT. dRes arsebuli modelis kritikisTvis is faqtic gamodgeba, rom dRiTi dRe icvleba Tanafardoba Sromisunarian mosaxleobas da yovelwliurad mzardi pensionerebis raodenobas Soris. gaeros prognoziT, es ricxvi 2030 wlisaTvis daaxloebiT milions miaRwevs, xolo 2050 wlamde mosaxleobis meoTxeds moicavs. es niSnavs, rom arsebuli modeliT pensiebis sabiujeto saxsrebiT uzrunvelyofa yvelaze `guluxv~ mTavrobasac ki gauWirdeba.
swored amitom ilia verZaZe Tvlis, rom `sxva gza aRar gagvaCnia, Tu gvinda Rirseuli sibere gvqondes, unda gadavideT sapensio sistemis romelime mowinave modelze, rasac swored dagrovebiTi pensiis proeqtiT gvTavazobs mTavroba. pensiis dagrovebis principi ukve iciT, rCeba kiTxva, romeli organo marTavs dagrovil Tanxas da ramdenad sandoa is. aqve unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom es Tanxa depozitia bankSi, romelsac namati eqneba. cxadia, zemoT xsenebul organos maRali legitimacia unda gaaCndes da saTanado ndobiT sargeblobdes fondis ganmkargavebTan, raTa yvelam icodes, rom Tanxa saimedo xelSia, iq ar moxdeba raime manipulaciebi da ar davrCebiT motyuebulebi. swored am CamonaTvalis garantia unda mogvces mTavrobam, rasac cxadia, iZleva saTanado berketebis amoqmedebiT. sistema isea ukve Camoyalibebuli, rom warmoudgenelia iq raime moxdes, Tumca erT niuansze gavamaxvileb Tqvens yuradRebas. am sistemis muSaobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, sawyis etapze araviTari azri ar eqneba 50 wels zemoT asakis moqalaqeebisaTvis dagrovebiT pensiaSi CarTvas, radgan imdens ver daagrovebs 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi, pensiad rom eyos. amitomaa saubari, rom ufro patara asakis mqoneTaTvis gaxdes kanonproeqti savaldebulo. Cveni, profkavSirebis winadadeba iyo – solidarobis principis CarTva anu axalgazrdebma unda gaacnobieron, rom maT mier Setanili TanxiT es (50 weli zemoT) adamianebi miiReben pensias, samagierod, maT sxvebi, maTze axalgazrdebi daexmarebian… Tumca jer amaze ar aris saboloo SeTanxmeba miRweuli~. imeds vitovebT, rogorme aqac gamoiZebneba konsensusi da amJamindel sapensio asaks mitanebul moqalaqeebs ar datoveben mxolod sabiujeto pensiis amara.
rac Seexeba dRevandel pensias, ilia verZaZis gancxadebiT: `dagrovebiTi pensiis sistemis amoqmedeba ZiriTadis gauqmebas ar niSnavs. is aris arsebobis minimumze gaTvlili da Tavisi gziT wava. iqneb 300-400 larsac miaRwios, Tumca momaval pensioners am fulis garda, sakuTari danazogic daericxeba da sakmaod soliduri Tanxa daugrovdeba. aseve vfiqrob, ganviTardeba kerZo sapensio mimarTulebebic da Tuki moqalaqes saSualeba eqneba kontraqti gaaformos msgavs uwyebasTan, pensiis sulac sami wyaro gauCndeba. magram Cven aqedanve unda vizrunoT da dagrovebiTi pensiis modeli SevTavazoT mosaxleobas iseTi garantiebiT, rom maTTvis es misaRebi aRmoCndes~.
eqspertebis gancxadebiT, pensiis dagrovebisas aucilebelia misi SenarCunebisTvisac zrunva. mzardi inflaciis paralelurad, saWiroa msyidvelunarianobis SenarCunebis garantiebis moZebna. martivad rom vTqvaT, wlevandeli 100 lari sagrZnoblad naklebia SarSandelze, momaval wels ki, savaraudod, am TanxiT gacilebiT nakleb produqts SeviZenT.
