როგორ გავუფრთხილდეთ ღვთით ბოძებულ წყალობას – საქართველოს ბუნებრივ სიმდიდრეს
ოთარ ცინარიძე 599 85 21 14 –
agrosatyeo ekologiuri mecnierebis brwyinvale warmomadgenels, biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtors, profesors, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis namdvil wevrs (akademikosi), baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis profesors, erovnuli akademiis aWaris regionaluri samecniero centris xelmZRvanels, mravali mecnieruli naSromisa da saxelmZRvanelos avtors, saqarTvelos damsaxurebul metyeves, Rirsebis ordenis kavaler vano papuniZes gasuli wlis 10 Tebervals 80 weli Seusrulda
gazeT `aWaris~ did megobars SemoqmedebiTi gundisa da mravalricxovani mkiTxvelis saxeliT vulocavT saiubileo TariRs da akademiis namdvil wevrad – akademikosad arCevas da gTavazobT masTan intervius.
– batono vano, wels iuneskos msoflio kulturuli memkvidreobis komitetis gadawyvetilebiT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebul oTx dacul teritorias – mtiralasa da kolxeTis erovnul parkebs, kintriSisa da qobuleTis dacul teritoriebs msoflio bunebrivi memkvidreobis statusi mieniWa. am siaxlesa da aWaris tyeebis momavals rogor SeafasebT?
– saqarTvelos mcenareul safars 300 milioni wlis istoria aqvs. Rirseuli bunebismcodne mecnierebis energiuli SromiT, didi rudunebiT mopovebuli faqtobrivi masalebi yvelasaTvis gasagebi formiTaa gamocemuli. sagazeTo formati ar mogvcems saSualebas, detalurad gadmogceT mcenareuli safaris warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis mTeli istoria. saqarTvelos teritoriis 40 procenti tyiT dafarul (2,8 mln heqtari) farTobs ukavia. Aaqedan daaxloebiT 600 000 heqtari dacviTi saeqspluatacio kategoriis teritoriebia, 850 000 heqtari gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis daculi tyeebis kategorias warmoadgens, tyeebis 98 procenti rTuli orografiisa da maRali mTebis tyeebs miekuTvneba, romlis 80 procenti 35 gradusisa da meti daxrilobis ferdobzea ganTavsebuli. saqarTvelos bunebrivi tyeebi unikaluria mravali aspeqtiT, uwinaresad ki saxeobrivi da fitocenozuri SemadgenlobiT. igi ganpirobebulia, umTavresad, sami garemoebiT: qveynis adgilobrivi floris simdidriT, garemo pirobebis (uwinaresad – reliefisa da havis) mravalgvarobiT, florisa da mcenareulobis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi da uwyveti gziT (mesameulidan – 67-40 milioni wlidan dRemde). garemos Semqmneli funqciebidan umTavresia tyis gavlena haerisa da niadagis temperaturaze, qarisa da hidrologiur reJimze, atmosferoze, sanitariul-higienur doneze, wylismieri da qarismieri eroziis procesebze da sxv. igi xels uwyobs mravaldargobrivi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas, icavs uaryofiTi bunebrivi movlenebisagan (erozia, wyaldidoba, zvavebi da sxv.). amiT aris ganpirobebuli is didi yuradReba, rac ukanasknel aTwleulebSi daeTmo Zireuli tyeebis gadarCenis, maTi arealis gafarToebis problemebis kvlevas da miRebuli mecnieruli daskvnebis safuZvelze Sesaferisi uaxlesi meTodebisa da teqnologiebis damuSavebas. saqarTveloSi Zireul tyeebs mniSvnelovani teritoria ukavia. maTi dacvis (arealis SenarCunebis) mizniT Seqmnilia daculi teritoriebis (ZiriTadad nakrZalebis) farTo qseli, romlis saerTo farTobi sadReisod asi aTas heqtarze metia. nakrZalebi ganlagebulia qveynis sxvadasxva bunebriv-klimatur zonaSi, rac saSualebas iZleva, saimedod iyos daculi Zireuli tyeebis praqtikulad yvela warmomadgeneli (formacia). specialuri eqspertTa jgufi amuSavebs daculi teritoriebis qselis gafarToebis perspeqtiul gegmas. navaraudebia, rom daculi teritoriis sistemaSi moeqces saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis 20 procentze meti. am mxriv udavod perspeqtiulia erovnuli parki (daculi teritoriis erT-erTi kategoria), romelsac nakrZalTan SedarebiT zogierTi upiratesobac gaaCnia – gacilebiT farTo teritoria, bunebrivi ekosistemebis dacvis da mdgradi gamoyenebis ufro mizanSewonili struqtura da sxv. erovnuli parki, zogadad, iqmneba erovnuli da saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis, SedarebiT didi, bunebrivad gamorCeuli ekosistemis dasacavad da arsebuli biomravalferovnebis konservaciis mizniT. garda amisa, igi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ekoturizmis ganviTarebaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelos bunebrivi da kulturuli memkvidreobis saerTaSoriso doneze popularizaciaSi. amJamad saqarTveloSi 13 erovnuli parkia, romelTa saerTo farTobi 445 797 heqtars Seadgens. daculi teritoriebidan oTxi: mtiralas da kolxeTis erovnuli parkebi, kintriSisa da qobuleTis daculi teritoriebi planetis im 210 teritoriis ricxvs SeuerTda, romelTac iuneskos msoflio bunebrivi memkvidreobis statusi aqvs miniWebuli.
– SeiZleba siamayiT aRiniSnos, rom gacilebiT didi teritoriebis mqone qveynebTan SedarebiT, daculi teritoriebis raodenobrivi, aseve, maT mier dakavebuli farTobis maRali procentuli maCveneblebiT da, rac mTavaria, msoflio bunebrivi memkvidreobis statusis miniWebiTac, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso masStabiT erT-erTi TvalsaCino adgili ukavia.
– saamayoa da RvTiT boZebuli wyaloba, rom aseTi buneba da bunebrivi simdidre gagvaCnia. radgan sityvam moitana, sxva STambeWdav cifrebsac mogawodebT: msoflioSi 52 tipis niadagia aRiarebuli da aRwerili, aqedan 49 saqarTveloSi gxvdeba. am patara qveyanaSi 26 060 mdinare, 856 tba da 44 wyalsacavia… 300 heqtarzea gadaWimuli torfis sabado. bentonituri Tixis maragi 10 mln tonaze metia. 315 kilometri zRvis sanapiroa. qveynis mineraluri, Termuli da mtknari wylebis resursi 2,5-jer aRemateba msoflio maCvenebels 1 sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT. rkina, kvarci, spilenZi, tyvia, TuTia, sacemente nedleuli. . . tyeebs ki 40 procenti ukavia. reliqti uZvelesi drois mcenare da cxovelia, romlebic dedamiwis zurgze dRemde mxolod iSviaT adgilebSi SemorCa. es erTaderTi cocxali rgolia, romelic gvakavSirebs Soreul warsulTan da maT mniSvneloba aqvT aramarto cnobismoyvarebis dasakmayofileblad, aramed cocxali samyaros evoluciis istoriis Seswavlisa da, rac mTavaria, socialuri da sameurneo amocanebis dasakmayofileblad. swored rom uZvelesi warmoSobis reliqturi saxeobebi – wabli, uTxovari, bza xasiaTdeba maRali sameurneo mniSvnelobis mqone merqniT, nayofiT. uTxovaris msoflioSi yvelaze didi adgilsamyofeli ufro kavkasiaSia SemorCenili, vidre arealis sxva nawilSi. reliqtebiTa da endemebiT gamoirCeva kolxeTi, gansakuTrebiT aWara da afxazeTi. aWaraSi 163 saxeobis endemia, marto kintriSis xeobaSi, kavkasiis endemebis CaTvliT, 144 endemuri saxeobaa registrirebuli. aq gvxvdeba 50-ze meti dasaxelebis frinveli, maT Soris, iseTi iSviaTi da gadaSenebis piras myofi saxeobebi, rogoricaa kaspiuri SurTxi, kavkasiuri roWo, Sevardeni da mTis arwivi, romlebic Setanilia wiTel wignSi. amrigad, nakrZalSi daculia wiTel wignSi Setanili 22 saxeoba, maT Soris 11 cxoveli. igive, kintriSis xeobaSia warmodgenili Zveli (mesameuli) floris 193 elementi, maSin rodesac ruseTis tyis zomier sartyelSi TiTqmis ver SexvdebiT endemur da miT umetes, reliqtur saxeobas. floris am originalobis wyalobiT kolxida mecnierTa did interess iwvevs. swavlulebis lirikuli gamoTqmiT, igi endemebisa da reliqtebis aranakleb mniSvnelovani bunebrivi salaroa, vidre CrdiloeT amerikis (kaliforniis) cnobili seqvoiis tye, romelic gacilebiT Raribia reliqturi saxeobebiT. kintriSis nakrZalis teritoriaze gvxvdeba 75-ze meti dasaxelebis xe da buCqi, maT Soris mravali endemi da reliqtia, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia, iSviaTi kolxur-lazistanuri reliqturi saxeoba pontos muxa, Zlier iSviaTi kolxuri reliqtuli endemi medvedevis aryi, aWara-lazistanuri endemia ungernis Cqeri, iSviaTi reliqturi saxeoba, kolxuri flori mniSvnelovani elementi – kolxuri bza, iSviaTi reliqturi saxeobebi: uTxovari, wabli, jonjoli, lafani, kavkasiuri xurma, kakali, leRvi, saqarTvelos floris erT-erTi iSviaTi saxeoba – imeruli muxa da sxvebi, Setanilia wiTel wignSi.
– mtiralas erovnul parkze ras gvetyviT?
– aWaris regionis bunebriv resursebs Soris, mravalfunqciuri sargeblobis, qveynis saxalxo meurneobrivi da mecnieruli kvlevebis mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT, pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba tyis mcenareulobas eniWeba. dedamiwis zomieri sartylis farglebSi, faqtobrivad ar arsebobs teritoria, romelsac aWaris toli farTobi ekavos da Tan mcenareuli samyaros esoden mravalferovnebiTa da simdidriT gamoirCeodes. aWaris subtropikuli raionebis dabali zonis bunebrivi pirobebi subtropikuli soflis meurneobis da sakurorto mSeneblobis farTo ganviTarebis saukeTeso pirobebs qmnis. amis gamo gasuli saukunis 30-40-iani wlebidan, daaxloebiT 20 aTas heqtarze amoiZirkva bunebrivi tye da gaSenda maRalintensiuri, Zvirfasi samxreTuli da subtropikuli nayofis momcemi mcenareebi – Cai, citrusebi, tungi da sxva. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli zonis bunebrivi mcenareuli safari, SedarebiT maRla, mTis wina kalTebis mxolod mcire farTobebzea SenarCunebuli, fasdaudebelia misi garemos Semqmneli roli subtroikuli memcenareobisa da sakurorto meurneobis ganviTarebaSi, qalaqebis: baTumis, qobuleTisa da maTi mimdebare dasaxlebuli punqtebis sasmeli wyliT momaragebis, atmosferos sanitariul-higienuri donis amaRlebasa da bunebis uaryofiTi movlenebisagan dacvaSi. mtiralas erovnuli parki kavkasiis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi, mcire kavkasionis saxeldobr, aWara-imereTis qedis ukidures dasavleT nawilSi, qobuleTi-Caqvis qedze, Savi zRvis siaxloves mdebareobs. misi saerTo farTobi 15 678 heqtars Seadgens. parkis teritoria qobuleTis, xelvaCaurisa da qedis municipalitetebs Sorisaa moqceuli. am zonis bunebrivi mcenareuli safarisa da cxovelTa samyaros saxeobrivi Semadgenloba unikaluria, ganumeorebelia evro-aziaSi, xolo msoflioSi igi meordeba mxolod lazistanisa da TurqeTis mcire regionebSi. aq gavrcelebuli reliqturi mcenareulobis mravali saxeoba Setanilia wiTel wignSi. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs msoflioSi ganumeorebeli – epigia, aWara-WaneTis viwro endemi, mesameuli periodis reliqti, romelic 1860 wels aRweres orfanidezias saxelwodebiT, Semdeg igi dawvrilebiT Seiswavla akademikosma a. taxtajianma; mxolod aq SeiZleba SevxvdeT evro-aziis floris iseT SesaniSnav warmomadgenlebs, rogoricaa ungernisa da smirnovis Cqeri, medvedevis aryi, Cagrisebri firusula da sxv. mxolod aWaraSia gavrcelebuli specifikuri mcenareuli Tanasazogadoeba `Sqeriani~ – saxeobrivi SemadgenlobiT mdidari, maradmwvane buCqnarebisa da dabali xeebis rayebi. cxovelTa samyaros saxeobrivi Semadgenlobac aseve did interess iwvevs. aq arsebuli tyis mobinadreebidan wiTel wignSia Setanili ZuZumwovrebis, frinvelebis, qvewarmavlebis, amfibiebis iseTi iSviaTi saxeobebi, rogoricaa amierkavkasiis (siriuli) daTvi, Sevardeni, grZeli mcuravi, kavkasiuri gvelgesla, aWaris xvliki, kavkasiuri jvriana, kavkasiuri salamandra da sxva. swored amitomaa saqarTvelos tyeebis uiSviaTesi, uZvelesi saxeobrivi warmomadgenlebis evoluciuri ganviTarebis sakiTxebis Seswavla dasavleTis qveynebidan da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebidan movlenili mecnierebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi.
– dRes ra problemebs vawydebiT?
– mcenareul biomravalferovnebaSi wonasworobis arasasurveli rRvevis mizezi sxvadasxvaa. saqarTveloSi mas ZiriTadad iwvevs bunebrivi mcenareuli safaris araracionaluri sargebloba. miwis fondis SezRudulobam, tyis gadaWarbebulma usistemo Wram, tyis aRdgenasa da mis moxmarebas Soris aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi arsebulma disproporciam, bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebis ukmarisobam, saqonlis mouwesrigebelma Zovebam, amasTan, aWarisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma mkacrma amindma, mniSvnelovnad daarRvia regionis tyeebis ekologiuri stabiluroba, romelic umTavresad gamovlinda maRalproduqtiuli Zireuli tyis saxeobebis gaufasurebuli utyeo fitocenozebis warmomqmneli saxeobebis SecvlaSi, tyis koromebis sixSiris dadablebaSi, dabalxarisxovani, dabalproduqtiuli martivi struqturis koromebis SeqmnaSi, Zireuli tyis Semqmneli jiSebis TviTaRdgenis unaris dakargvaSi. tyis vertikaluri sartylianobis kompleqsSi darRveulia wyalSemkreb auzTa optimaluri tyianoba, mimdinareobs subalpuri tyis klimaturi sazRvrebis dabla dawevis metad uaryofiTi procesi da maTi degradacia. am sakiTxebze mravaljer gamoiTqva mecnierTa azri, magram bevri problema jer kidev gadauWrelia. Cven dRes da momavalSic vdgavarT ualternativo problemis winaSe – unda aRvadginoT wlebis ganmavlobaSi araswori eqspluataciiT gameCxerebuli tyis koromebi. qarTvel mecnierTa mier SemuSavebulia tyis aRdgenis, misi dacvis da tyis resursebis racionaluri, gonivruli gamoyenebis RonisZiebaTa rigi sistema. aucilebelia samrewvelo daniSnulebis plantaciebis Seqmna. qveyanaSi da ucxoeTSi arsebuli gamocdilebis, aseve sakuTari mravalwliani stacionarul-sacdel-eqsperimentaluri cdebis safuZvelze, davamuSaveT kolxeTis dablobis sustad daWaobebul teritoriaze maRalproduqtiuli, swrafmzardi merqniani tyis jiSebis samrewvelo daniSnulebis plantaciebis Seqmnis teqnologia. misi praqtikuli realizaciiT gadawydeba seriozuli ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri problemebi. Semcirdeba qveynis mTis tyeebSi gadaWarbebuli samrewvelo daniSnulebis Wrebi, riTac xels SevuwyobT tyeebis aRdgena-ganaxlebas, dacviTi funqciebis gaumjobesebas, qveynisaTvis aucilebeli sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis problemebis mogvarebas.
