საშური საქმე
nebismieri enis leqsikis Sevsebis erT-erTi gza aris sityvaTa sesxeba da mezobeli qveynebis dampyrobluri zegavlena. pirveli misaRebia, meore -damazianebeli. es procesi Seexo qarTul enasac, razec mravali mkvlevari mianiSnebs. profesori zurab WumburiZe Tavis wignSi `dedaena qarTuli~ (gamomcemloba `nakaduli~, 1987 weli) wers, rom sityvebi: ojaxi, droSa, WeSmariteba somxursa da qarTulSi warmoSobiT erTnairi mniSvnelobisaa, Sesuli Turqul-sparsulidan. `xalxi~ warmoSobiT arabulia, banovani, tani, zurgi – sparsuli, nadiri, nali, lagami, maTraxi – arabuli da a. S. es sityvebi qarTulSi isea damkvidrebuli, rom maT warmomavlobaze mxolod specialistebi mianiSneben.
sul sxvaa sityvebis Semosvla ucxo qveynebis xangrZlivi batonobis gamo. uamravi sityvaa Semosuli dialeqtebSi.
qarTuli enisa da literaturis maswavleblebisTvis erT-erTi mTavari sazrunavi literaturuli enis dacvaa dialeqturisgan. kargad vici, rom dialeqti enis nawilia, magram saliteraturo ena sul sxvaa. am mxriv muSaobas did yuradRebas vuTmob, garkveuli gamocdilebac damigrovda, romelic avsaxe kvlevaSi. dialeqti asazrdoebs enas, amdidrebs mas, magram am mizniT yvela leqsikuri erTeuli ar gamodgeba, miT umetes, afiqsebi.
CemSi siamayis gancdas aRZravs qarTveli mogzaurebis cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom miuxedavad osmalTa mravalsaukunovani batonobisa, aWarlebma kargad Seinaxes mSobliuri qarTuli ena da am mxriv gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrules qalebma, romlebmac saidumlo damwerlobac SemoiRes, rom qarTulad mimowera SeenarCunebinaT.
aWarul dialeqtze momuSave gverds ver auvlis profesor SoTa niJaraZis wigns `qarTuli enis aWaruli dialeqti. leqsika~ (baTumi, 1971). am wignSi 8000 sityva-statiaa Setanili. maTi gacnobis Semdeg daviTvale da aRmoCnda, rom Turqulis gziT dialeqtSi Semosulia 1000-ze meti Turqul–sparsul-arabuli sityva. maT Sorisaa warmoqmnili erTeulebic, magram Zireuli sityvebi 850-ze metia.
arsebobs kidev erTi saintereso wigni, n. gurgeniZis `aRmosavluri warmoSobis leqsikuri elementebi aWarulsa da gurulSi~ (gamomcemloba `mecniereba~,1973 weli), romelSic aTeulobiT sxva sityvac aRmovaCine; aseve araerTi sxva sityva Sevagrove Cemi raionis – qedis sivrceSi, riTac Semotanili sityvebis raodenoba kidev ufro gaizarda. es aris mware realoba. Turme ra mZime zegavlena mouxdenia osmalurs aWarelTa metyvelebaze, mZime imitom, rom am leqsikuri erTeulebis absoluturi umravlesobis saWiroeba ar arsebobs.
pedagogebis daxmarebaa Cemi mizani. kargi iqneba, Tu TviTon daadgenen im erTeulebs, raSic zemoT dasaxelebuli wignebi daexmarebaT. es Sromatevadi samuSaoa, amitom gadavwyvite, me mivawodo codna Cem mier Sekrebili sityvebis Sesaxeb. ra Tqma unda, statiaSi yvela sityvas ver davasaxeleb, – vTqvi, aTasze metia-meTqi. movitan yvelaze gavrcelebulebs.
aRmosavluri leqsikuri erTeulebi mravladaa aWarul, gurul da mesxur dialeqtebSi, amitom Cemi naazrevi upirvelesad Sesabamisi regionebis pedagogebs gauwevs daxmarebas.
bavSvobidan maxsovs sityvebi: ane – deda, baboi – mama, abla – bicola, bibia – mamida, xala – deida, emia – biZa, taia – biZa (dedis Zma) da a. S. pirveli sami qedaSi dRes aRar gamoiyeneba, danarCenebi – iSviaTad. aqedan erTi daskvna SeiZleba gakeTdes: saganmanaTleblo winsvla enaze did da dadebiT zegavlenas axdens, amitomacaa saWiro pedagogTa zrunva metyvelebaze.
naTesauri mniSvnelobis sityvebi
baldizi – colisda, bajanaRi – qvisli, bajia – da, gelini – rZali, dosti – moyvare, dedei – babua, emiaSvili, taiaSvili – biZaSvili, eniSte – siZe, mosafiri – stumari, iegani – Zmiswuli (diswuli), suTanai – ZiZa, qirva – naTlia, yaini – colisZma, xisimi – naTesavi, yardaSi – Zma, jinsi – jiSi, oRluSaRi – wvrilSvili, qulfeTi – igive mniSvnelobis (ojaxis wevrebsac niSnavs).
miznis iolad misaRwevad leqsikuri erTeulebi dargobrivad davajgufe da maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulze SevCerdebi.
samzareulosTan dakavSirebuli leqsika
boregi, borani, biSi, beTmezi, baqlava, eriSta, sarma, sinori, yaisafa, kaimaRi, airani, aCma, aCmi Sorva, leCeri, raxi, suTli, festili, flavi, quma (CurCxela), yaTmiri, yaflama, yorao, yuruTi, Calxama, Cirbuli.
am leqsikidan zogi, albaT, veRar moiSoreba, magram umravlesobis qarTuliT Canacvleba SesaZlebelia.
ufro iolad Casanacvlebelia sxva leqsika: Tabla – TefSi, Tefsi – TefSi, TeSti – taSti, muTvaRi – samzareulo, azuRi – sagzali, iaRi – karaqi, saini – TefSi, suzgi – gasawuri WurWeli, faxraja – qvabi, qilari – samzareulo, yabi – WurWeli, yafaRli – Tungi, ioxi – comis gasayvani joxi, arCi – mzareuli, arCixana – samzareulo, iugurTi – mawoni.
memcenareoba
balya xapi – gogris jiSi, baRCa – sacxovrebel saxlTan axlos arsebuli yana, bujaRi – xis nawili (saidanac iwyeba gantoteba), dabasxva – dawyoba, dawnexva, dademeTva – Tambaqos foTlebis lamazad dawyoba (am sityvis Ziri aris demeTi), dibai – Tambaqos Ziri foTlebi, ulafi – Svria, faTlijani – badrijani, yarfuzi – sazamTro, xardali – yurZnis dauduRari wveni, meiva – xili.
mecxoveleoba
axori – boseli, bedloba – modgami, ilxi – cxenTa simravle (rema), meregi -pirutyvis sakvebis Sesanaxi saTavso, ianiyara – pirutyvis daavadeba, iaila – sazafxulo saZovari (sacxovrebeli Senoba saZovarze ), yisiri-berwi, Cairi-saZovari, Cobani-menaxire, jamuSi-kameCi, harRili-pirutyvis sazafxulo sadgomi (velze SemoRobili), haivani – pirutyvi, iabani-gareuli cxoveli, iaTaRi – xarebisaTvis SemoRobili adgili, aiRiri, alaTi, iaRizi, yairaTi, yisraRi – cxenebis Turquli saxelebi (feris da sxva niSnebis mixedviT), havli – boslis Sesasvleli adgili (Senobaze midgmuli), erinji – dekeuli.
tansacmeli
am mimarTulebis sityvebi mrewvelobis ganviTarebiT Canacvldeba, magram jer kidev mravladaa. es sityvebia: zubuni – Coxis qveS Casacmeli, Tori – badurad naqsovi sartyeli, iStoni – perangi, kopWi – liTonis Sesakravi, iazma – dawinwkluli leCaqi, ielegi – mamakacis usaxelo Rilebiani Casacmeli, saruRi – Tavsaburze Semoxveuli Txeli qsovili, sedefi – Rili, solaRi – wvivsakravi, feStemali – winsafari, qemeri – qamari, yaiSi – Tasma (qamarsac eZaxian), Cevre – Semoqarguli cxvirsaxoci, CerCefi – qalis wamosasxami (Cadri), xirxa – axaluxis msgavsi Casacmeli, baSluRi – yabalaxi, bilezugi – samajuri, maxasi – makrateli, mindari – leibi, iastuRi – baliSi, uruba – tansacmeli (kaba), Tobdi – qinZisTavi, ferde – farda, iaxa – sayelo, feSkiri – pirsaxoci, yedife – xaverdi, semsie – qolga.
sayofacxovrebo terminebi
aliS-veriSi – yidva-gayidva, bezi -Cvari, bilevi – salesi qva, bori – Rumelis mili, gozluRi – saTvale, tomruRi – mori, xizari – xerxi, yolxizari – sisoxerxi, dirsegi – muxli RumelisTvis, zenjiri – jaWvi, masaTi – celis salesi, menTeSa – anjama, qesari – eCo, iega – qlibi, orsi – grdemli, ojaRi – buxari, rendai – randa, sajiaRi – rkinis samfexa cecxlze asaduReblad WurWlis Sesadgmelad, taraRi – wisqvilis mosakodi orpiri CaquCi, usta – ostati, qelfeTi – marwuxi, qeski – satexi, Caqi dana – patara dana, jimbizi – sadgisi, qiriSi – fuZe (saZirkveli), yazma – Toxi, Civi – xis kedlebis ZelTa SemaerTebeli sagani (aseve: nergebis Casargavi miwaSi), diregi – boZi, Tirfani – celi, muxi – lursmani, oda – saxli, harRi – arxi, havazani – auzi, dolabi – karada (borbalsac eZaxian), merdevani – kibe, qesa – qisa, qileri (qilari) – produqtis Sesanaxi adgili, qoSe – kuTxe, qilimi – noxi, umuzi – saxuravis koWi, qeremeTi – kramiti, TuRla – aguri, yanTari – saswori, yaSavi – rkinis jagrisi, xoni – Zabri, jvalduza – satomre nemsi, havani – Tambaqos saWreli, halRa – rkinis rgoli, hebga – abga, maSrafa – wylis dasalevi, iskele – saxerxi mowyobiloba, furuni – sacxobi (Tone), qoStera – SalaSini, tavarjuRi – tyavis CanTa, yaziaRi – navTi.
sxva mimarTulebani
aris aRmosavluri sityvebis simravle, romelic sakmaod aqtiurad gamoiyeneba, magram dargobrivad dayofa araa saWiro. axla maTze visaubreb.
adeTi – adaTi, alavi – ali, anjax -Zlivs, ajeRi – jibri, bediava – tyuilubralod, bedva – wyevla, beTi – uSno (Seuxedavi), beTari – uaresi, belqi -iqneb, bereqeTi – baraqa, beCi – Steri, biTevi – mTliani, biTum – mudam, bolai – blomad, borji – vali, boSuna – tyuilad, genji – axalgazrda, gerCeq – marTla, gozgora – aSkaraa, goia – viTom, deliyandi – axalgazrda, dovmuzi – Rori, dubara – eSmakoba, duguni – qorwili, ezberai – zepirad, eivax – vaglax, efeija – blomad, eSi – toli, vaxti – dro, vesieTi – anderZi, zaTi – namdvilad, zevzeqi – Tavqariani, zibili – binZuri, zori – jafa, zovli – yoCaRi, TaxaTi – Zala, (Rone), Tevbe – Secdomis dagmoba, TeTiki – sasxleti, Tembeli – zanti, Teneqa – Tunuqi, Teq – oRond, TiTizi – mozizRari, TulliTulli – nairnairi, ibreTi – uCveulo, inaTi – sijiute, iSmari – miniSneba, iStari – mada, kanuRi – sinji (WaSniki), kaCa – kefa, lali – munji, mala – kalatozis iaraRi, maixoSi – sasiamovnod mJave, merayi – dardi, mexsus – ganzrax, mehela – soflis kuTxe, minneTi – damadleba, muzeviri – damsmeni, muziri – mavne, muradi – bedi, deli – giJi, naCari – cudi, nubeTi – rigi, iasaRi – nakrZali, ieTimi – oboli, odlegi – mSiSara, orTi – saxuravi, oRraSi – yalTabandi, rahaTi – mosveneba, rezili – sasircxo, rema – regveni, rengi – feri, rizRi – wili, sabri – moTmena, sama – cekva, sanqi – TiTqos, saRlami – jansaRi, sebebi – mizezi, qibari – Tavmomwone, surunTi – msunagi, tamari – ZarRvi, tvari – qvis kedeli (yore), umudi – imedi, uCrumi -xrami, fiSmani – fiqri, fiji – mususi, foSa – uzneo, qeqeji – enablu, Ralfi – uilajo, yarayura – majlajuna, yaSmeri – oxunji, yiliRi – Sesaxedaoba, yismeTi – bedi, yui – Wa, yeza – marcxi, yusuri – nakli, Samari – sila, Sernazi – Sarismoyvaruli, Cenge – yba, CeCme – fexsalagi, Cibani – muwuki, ColaRi – invalidi, xendeki – ormo, xiziri – keTilmoqmedi, xinZiri – veragi, jazi – kudiani, janitari – ficxi, hali – Rone, helali – alali, helbeT – albaT, herami – arami.
statiaze muSaobis dros vecnobodi aWaruli dialeqtis dargobriv leqsikas, romlis amsaxveli ramdenime wignia gamocemuli. meore wignSi (gamomcemloba `mecniereba~, 1979 weli) Setanilia mkvlevar nanuli noRaidelis `qorwinebis leqsika~ , romelmac mikarnaxa am mimarTulebis calke gamoyofa.
qorwinebis leqsika
baSdade – mTavari xelismomkide, da de – xelismomkide, aRdis gaWra – saqorwino valdebulebis werilobiTi dokumentis Sedgena, aRdli – xelSekrulebiani, boramluRi – niSnobis Catareba, baSluRi – saqmros mier sacolisTvis mitanili saCuqari, boSqaRaldi – qorwinebis sabuTi, gevezoba – mayris yiJina (Tofis srola), duaRi (tuaRi) – dedoflis Tavsaburavi, mihri – qorwinebis sabuTSi miTiTebuli Tanxa (romelic unda gadaexadaT daqorwinebulebs gayris SemTxvevaSi), muJdeqi – maxarobeli, niqaxi – qorwineba, rusumi – valdebulebebi, elCi – maWankali, riSveTi – gamosasyidi (romelic unda gadaexada vaJis mxares), boxCa – patarZlis saCuqari, veqili – piri, romelic aRdis gaWras eswreba, maxrami – cxvirsaxoci, kafi xarji – karidasamyrelo (ixdida vaJis mxare), duguni – qorwili.
sixaruliT SemiZlia aRvniSno, rom qorwinebis gaTanamedrovebam dasaxelebul leqsikasac gamoacala arsebobis safuZveli. esec mafiqrebinebs, rom dro da gamiznuli Sroma warmatebas migvaRwevinebs, magram marto dros nu davelodebiT – am gziT saukuneebi ar iqneba sakmarisi.
upirvelesad, moswavleebs vamuSaveb dialeqtur metyvelebaze: isini akontroleben sakuTar da ojaxis wevrTa metyvelebas, iweren gamoTqmebs da asworeben. namuSevrebs vamowmeb yovel gakveTilze (amas 10 wuTamde dros vuTmob) da erTad vasworebT naubars.
misasalmebeli iqneba, Tu qarTuli ena-literaturis maswavleblebi gamoiyeneben sawreo muSaobas, periodulad ganixilaven moswavleTa namuSevrebs. kargia saskolo gazeTis da radios gamoyenebac.
darwmunebuli var, Tu pedagogebi moindomeben, ukeTes formebsac moZebnian. umTavresi erTia: qarTulisaTvis arasaWiro aRmosavluri leqsika metyvelebidan unda gaviyvanoT, am mxriv muSaoba tkivilianic iqneba, magram imdenad patriotulia, rom Sedegi siamovnebas mogvaniWebs. es saSuri saqmea!
Tamaz abulaZe,
oTar cinariZe
