საქართველოს უახლესი ისტორია – საამაყოცა და… ჯერ კიდევ ბურუსით მოცულიც
ირმა ცეცხლაძე 27 48 93 –
31 marti saqarTvelos istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi dRea. 30 wlis win, 1991 wlis 31 marts, saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze gaimarTa saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis referendumi, romlis Sedegebis safuZvelze uzenaesma sabWom miiRo damoukideblobis aqti da gaaTavisufla saqarTvelo 70-wliani sabWoTa okupaciidan. SemTxveviT ar aris, rom konstituciiT daculi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo suvereniteti swored 31 martis referendums eyrdnoba
1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTvelos respublikis mTel teritoriaze gaimarTa referendumi kiTxviT: `Tanaxma xarT Tu ara aRdges saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze?~.
am sakiTxze gTavazobT intervius zurab cecxlaZesTan, romelic 1992 wlis maisidan 1993 wlis ianvramde (zviad gamsaxurdias gardacvalebamde) baTumis daumorCileblobis komitetis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli da xelmZRvaneli iyo. 1993 wlidan 2003 wlamde politikuri gaerTianeba `konstantine gamsaxurdias sazogadoebis~ samxareo organizaciis Tavmjdomaris moadgilis da baTumis organizaciis Tavmjdomaris posts ikavebda.
– batono zurab, aqamde gicnobdiT rogorc aWaris profkavSirebis Tavmjdomares, axla sruliad sxva kuTxidan gagicaniT.
– diax, im wlebSi vaqtiurobdi, vmonawileobdi SevardnaZis ukanono xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul yvela aqciasa Tu kampaniaSi. piradi urTierTobebi da kavSirebi mqonda kanonieri xelisuflebis erovnuli gvardiis xelmZRvanel vaxtang qobaliasTan, akaki eliavasa da sxva samxedro Tu politikur xelmZRvanelobasTan. baTumis delegaciasTan erTad veswrebodi zviad gamsaxurdiasTan Sexvedrebs groznodan dabrunebis Semdeg, walenjixasa da zugdidSi. 1994 wlis 24 Tebervals vimyofebodi groznoSi zviad gamsaxurdias dakrZalvaze, sadac, baTumis delegaciasTan erTad, Sevxvdi CeCneTis maSindel prezident joxar dudaevs.
– saubari referendumiT daviwyoT – ra datvirTva hqonda mas qveynisTvis?
– mogexsenebaT, referendumi Catarda 1991 wlis 31 marts mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT. masSi monawileoba miiRo yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqisa da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis mosaxleobam. monawileTa 98,9%-ma mxari dauWira saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas. referendumis Semdeg, imave wlis 9 aprils, saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom miiRo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti. imave dRes, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis senatma, sagangebo rezoluciiT, legitimurad scno saqarTveloSi 31 marts Catarebuli referendumis Sedegebi, rac warmoadgenda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis faqtobriv cnobas. referendums umniSvnelovanesi datvirTva aqvs saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis, radgan mravali mniSvnelovani sakiTxi gadawyda samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT. pirveli is, rom saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom gaauqma sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos mier 1991 wlis 17 marts daniSnuli referendumis Catareba sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCunebis moTxovniT (ratomRac es umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi saqarTveloSi farTo masebisaTvis ucnobia), riTac maT mouspo imperiis raime formiT SenarCunebis samarTlebrivi saSualeba. meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxia is, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena pirdapir daukavSirda 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqts, riTac saqarTvelom Tavi gamoacxada 1918-1921 wlebis damoukidebeli saqarTvelos samarTalmemkvidred. es, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena ganxorcielda im samarTlebriv farglebSi, romlebSic misi saxelmwifoebrioba cnobili iyo erTa ligis mier 1921 wels, Tumca sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semde, msoflios saxelmwifoebma da gaerom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba scno ara rogorc demokratiuli respublikis samarTalmemkvidred, aramed rogorc saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis samarTalmemkvidred. mesame mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iyo referendumSi afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis da samxreT oseTis (samaCablos) avtonomiuri olqis monawileoba, rodesac maTi mosaxleobis absoluturma umravlesobam (mciredi gamonaklisiT) mxari dauWira saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas. dabolos, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos mier miRebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis samarTlebriv safuZvels warmoadgens swored 1991 wlis 31 martis referendumi, romelic gamagrebulia sruliad saqarTvelos mosaxleobis nebis gamoxatviT, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebasTan dakavSirebiT. warmoidgineT rom ar arsebobdes referendumis Sedegebi afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi, rogori zewola eqneboda msoflio sazogadoebas ruseTis mxridan im TvalsazrisiT, rom araferi hkiTxes afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis mosaxleobas saqarTvelos damoukideblobis survilTan dakavSirebiT.
– erovnul moZraobaSi pirveli ganxeTqileba daiwyo arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT `erovnul kongressa~ da `mrgval magidas~ Soris. . .
– 1989 wlis 9 aprilis sisxliani movlenebis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi komunisturi xelisufleba mxolod formalurad arsebobda. am dros ori ZiriTadi koncefcia daupirispirda erTmaneTs. `kongresis~ doqtrinis mixedviT, kategoriulad miuRebeli iyo monawileoba nebismier arCevnebSi, romelsac komunisturi xelisufleba Caatarebda, `mrgvali magidis~ koncefcia ki iTvaliswinebda mravalpartiuli arCevnebis miRwevas da arsebul periodSi de-faqto xelisuflebis mier daniSnul mravalpartiul arCevnebSi gamarjvebas, anu `mrgvali magida~ momxre iyo xelisuflebis legitimaciis uwyvetobis, vinaidan im droisaTvis ukve cocxali aRar iyvnen saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis mTavrobis wevrebi, faqtobrivi xelisuflebisagan unda gadabarebuliyo xelisufleba mravalpartiul, sayovelTao arCevnebSi gamarjvebul politikur jgufs, romelic SemdgomSi daakompleqtebda xelisuflebis legitimur organoebs. mogexsenebaT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 87%-ma mxari dauWira zviad gamsaxurdias rogorc saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos, aseve saqarTvelos saprezidento arCevnebSi. rac Seexeba `kongress~ da maT mimdevrebs, sabolood daadgnen kriminalizaciis gzas. `mxedrionTan~ da sxva SeiaraRebul dajgufebebTan erTad (vinaidan ver moipoves qarTveli eris mxardaWera) gadawyvites SeiaraRebuli kriminaluri gadatrialebis gziT daemxoT xalxis mier arCeuli erovnuli xelisufleba ruseTis federaciis uSualo monawileobiT, rac ganaxorcieles kidec.
– ra roli iTamaSa inteligenciam 90-iani wlebis droindel politikur procesebSi?
– cnobili faqtia, rom sabWoTa inteligencia ar swyalobda erovnul xelisuflebas, radgan dakarga privilegiebi, rac gaaCnda sabWoTa xelisuflebis periodSi. swored es gaxda mizezi, rom `wiTeli inteligencia~ mizanmimarTulad dadga egreT wodebuli kriminaluri opoziciis avangardSi da moskovTan orkestrirebuli moqmedebiT (moskovSi cxovrobda gadamdgari eduard SevardnaZec), gasamxedroebuli ukanono formirebebis gamoyenebiT (romlebsac amaragebda fuliT da iaraRiT ruseTis amierkavkasiis samxedro olqi), daamxes xalxis mier arCeuli kanonieri mTavroba da miitaces xelisufleba. 1992 wlis 7 marts moskovidan dabrunebulma eduard SevardnaZem Tbilisis aeroportSi madloba gadauxada inteligencias, romelic `iaraRiT xelSi~ ebrZoda kanonier erovnul xelisuflebas. 90-ian wlebSi SevardnaZis mier `qarTveli sazogadoebis naRebad~ Seracxuli inteligencia swored misi Zalauflebis fasadi iyo, romlis ukanac realuri Zalauflebis berketebi – korumpirebuli biurokratia da biznesmenebad wodebuli mafiozuri klanebi imaleboda.
– ra RonisZiebebi gaatara zviad gamsaxurdiam saqarTvelos, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos daarsebisTvis, SeZlo (moaswro) Tu vera saxelmwifoebrivi instituciebis Camoyalibeba da reformebis Catareba?
– zviad gamsaxurdias xelmZRvanelobiT Seqmnili xelisufleba arsebobda 1990 wlis 28 oqtombridan 1992 wlis 6 ianvramde – daaxloebiT weliwadi da ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi. am mcire periodSi man moaxerxa da Seqmna saqarTveloSi pirveli mravalpartiuli parlamenti, 1991 wlis 26 maiss saprezidento arCevnebSi miiRo monawileoba da gaxda saqarTvelos prezidenti. saxelmwifos es institutic manamde ucnobi iyo saqarTvelos mmarTvelobiTi sistemisTvis, Sesabamisad, saprezidento mmarTvelobis novatoric zviad gamsaxurdia gaxldaT. garda amisa, man am mcire periodSi moaswro da Camoayaliba saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, saqarTvelos erovnuli gvardia (1990 wlis 20 dekembers), damoukidebeli da arapolitizirebuli Sinagan saqmeTa saministro, sagareo saqmeTa saministro da sxva saxelmwifo institutebi. moaswro da Caatara adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebi da pirvelma Cauyara safuZveli damoukidebel da xalxis mier realurad arCeul TviTmmarTvelobebs. yvela misi gadawyvetileba damoukideblobisaken mimaval gzaze iyo politikurad gaazrebuli da swori. mravalpartiuli arCevnebiT dawyebuli (1990 wlis 28 oqtomberi), referendumis CatarebiT (1991 wlis 31 marti), damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT (1991 wlis 9 aprili), saprezidento arCevnebis CatarebiT (1991 wlis 26 maisi) da ganxorcielebuli reformebiT, zviadi iyo absoluturi rekordsmeni, vinaidan aseT mokle droSi amdeni saqmis moswreba SeZlo. da es maSin, roca xelis SemSleli faqtorebi xelSemwyobze gacilebiT meti iyo.
– am gadasaxedidan kargad Cans miRwevebi da Secdomebi. miRwevebze visaubreT. zviad gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis periodidan romel Secdomas gamohyofdiT?
– misi mTavari Secdoma, vfiqrob, kanonis SecvliT aslan abaSiZis aWaris umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris movaleobis Semsruleblad daniSvna iyo. aseve mtris banakSi aRmoCndnen mis mier saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi daniSnuli umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebi: premier-ministri Tengiz sigua, Tavdacvis ministri Tengiz kitovani, sagareo saqmeTa ministri gogi xoStaria, aseve sagareo saqmeTa ministri murman omaniZe. roca xelisuflebas erTsulovneba sWirdeboda, avadmyofobis mizeziT daimala qobuleTSi akaki asaTiani (saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare), Tavdasxmis scena gaiTamaSa saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma dilar xabulianma, gaerida brZolis vels da sxva. Secdoma iyo isic, rom musirebda mosazrebebi aWaris avtonomiuri respublikisTvis avtonomiis statusis gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT, ramac garkveuli vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi. es kargad gamoiyenes zviadis winaaRmdeg organizebulma opoziciurma da prorusulma Zalebma.
– aslan abaSiZisa da nodar imnaZis konfliqtTan dakavSirebiT ra iciT?
– sami versia arsebobs: maSindeli xelisuflebis, nodar imnaZis ojaxis da prokuraturis. pirveli versiis Tanaxmad, imnaZe imTaviTve mkvlelobis mizniT Sevida aslan abaSiZis kabinetSi, sadac mas daxvdnen aslan abaSiZe, aWaris maSindeli uSiSroebis ministri anzor jaiani da saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministri murman omaniZe. pirveli gasrola nodar imnaZem ganaxorciela, rac niSnavs, rom anzor jaiani aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebSi imyofeboda, roca imnaZes sapasuxod esrola. iq daiWrnen aseve murman omaniZe da aslan abaSiZe. erTmaneTTan axlos aris imnaZis ojaxisa da prokuraturis versia (Tumca identuri ar aris). prokuraturis masalebidan irkveva, rom aslan abaSiZis kabinetSi mxolod nodar imnaZe iyo mZimed daWrili, romelmac ukusvliT datova kabineti da gavida mdivnis oTaxSi, mas ki iaraRiT daedevna aslan abaSiZe. am dros imnaZe ukve uiaraRoa da aRaravisTvis warmoadgens safrTxes, Tumca abaSiZe `makarovis~ sistemis iaraRidan esvris mas saxis areSi. aslan abaZiZem, romelic cdilobda Zalauflebis mopovebas, icoda imnaZis pozicia da politikuri asparezidan misi CamoSoreba surda. abaSiZes sWirdeboda `mrgvali magida-Tavisufali saqarTvelos~ spikeris Tanamdeboba, raTa aWaris umaRlesi sabWos 1991 wlis 14 aprils daniSnul arCevnebSi `mrgvali magidis~ saarCevno siebi mas Seedgina da ara nodar imnaZes.
– ra informacia gaqvT gamsaxurdias sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT?
– saqarTvelos pirveli prezidenti, erovnuli moZraobis lideri zviad gamsaxurdia gardaicvala 1993 wlis 31 dekembers. misi sikvdili dResac burusiTaa moculi. arsebobs rogorc TviTmkvlelobis, ise muxanaTurad mkvlelobis versia. is adamianebi, vinc prezidents (gardacvalebis Rames) axlda xobis municipalitetis sofel Zvel xibulaSi, TavgamodebiT amtkiceben, rom prezidentma Tavi moikla (besarion guguSvili – premier-ministri, robinzon margvelani – dacvis ufrosi, baCuki gvancelaZe – dacvis wevri), xolo prezidentis ojaxi miiCnevs, rom pirveli prezidenti mokles im dros moqmedi saxelmwifo sabWos SekveTiT da masSi monawileobdnen rogor saqarTvelos specsamsaxurebi, aseve ruseTis agentura. masze, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, nadiroba iyo gamocxadebuli. Sss-s specrazmi, romelsac generali gia gulua xelmZRvanelobda da uSiSroebis specdaniSnulebis razmi, vinme polkovnik basikaSvilis meTaurobiT, erTmaneTs ecilebodnen. paralelurad gaaaqtiures prezidentis garemocvac. cnobilia, rom dacvis wevrebi vaJa WinWarauli da irakli gogaZe am SemTxvevis Semdeg ugzo-ukvlod gaqrnen. amis Semdeg devnilma prezidentma adgili kidev ramdenjerme gamoicvala, 1993 wlis 22 dekembers jixaSkarSi imyofeboda ramdenime dRe dacvis oTx wevrTan erTad, xolo 27 dekembers, rogorc cnobilia, igi dacvis or wevrTan da guguSvilTan erTad (dacvis kidev ori wevri zaza burjanaZe da goCa kekenaZe jixaSkarSi darCnen) miiyvanes sofel Zvel xibulaSi, Rurwkaiebis ojaxSi, sadac 31 dekembers, gaurkvevel viTarebaSi gardaicvala. vfiqrob, saqarTveloSi farTo masebisaTvis ar aris cnobili, rom gamsaxurdias saqarTvelodan meored gandevnis Semdeg igi afxazeTis teritoriaze imyofeboda, sadac Sexvda ruseTis samxedro maRalCinosnebs, romlebic misgan iTxovdnen afxazeTis aRiarebas. amis sanacvlod, 3 dRis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi dabrunebas hpirdebodnen. amaze gamsaxurdiam erTmniSvnelovnad uari ganacxada, rac misTvis, faqtobrivad, sasikvdilo ganaCenze xelmowera iyo. zviad gamsaxurdias dakrZalvaze groznoSi imyofeboda baTumis delegaciac, romlis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen devnili kanonieri xelisuflebis ministrebi, merebi, prefeqtebi, uzenaesi sabWos deputatebi, aseve, aWaris egreT wodebuli daumorCileblobis komitetis (zviadisturi moZraoba) wevrebi, cisana anTaZe, medea gurgeniZe, irma SaraZe, nunu qajaia, Tqveni mona-morCili zurab cecxlaZe da sxvebi. – 31 marti zviad gamsaxurdias dabadebis dRea. . .
– 31 marti saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi TariRia ori mizezis gamo: am dRes qarTveli eri aRniSnavs saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis umTavresi samarTlebrivi safuZvlis – referendumis dRes. niSandoblivia, rom swored 31 marts daibada didi qarTveli mamuliSvili, saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri, gamoCenili mwerali da sazogado moRvawe, saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRiarebuli lideri, saqarTvelos pirveli prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia. vulocav sruliad saqarTvelos am or umniSvnelovanes dResaswauls da vusurveb gabrwyinebas.
