ქართველოლოგიის ორგვარი დაგეგმვა – 1917-1935 წლებში
oTar cinariZe 599 85 21 14 –
Cveni stumaria filologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori ia vaSakiZe. mkiTxvels vetyviT, rom igi cnobili qarTvelologis, profesor tariel futkaraZis meuRlea.
– tarielis gardacvalebamde, Cemi da misi TanaavtorobiT, momzadda Tema, romelic exeba qarTuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis istorias ruseTis bolSevikuri diqtaturis periodSi. Sesabamisi dokumenturi masala moviZieT xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi ivane javaxiSvilisa da niko maris fondebidan, aseve, saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqividan da peterburgis saltikov-SCedrinis saxelobis sajaro biblioTekidan. saqarTveloSi rusuli samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis damyarebis periodidan (ΧІΧ s. 40-iani ww) iwyeba imperiuli kursis mesveurTa aqtiuri brZola qarTuli erovnuli TviTmyofadobisa da, pirvel rigSi, qarTuli enis, qarTulenovani ganaTlebis (mecnierebis) winaaRmdeg. jer kidev 60-ianelTa Taobam, ilia WavWavaZis meTaurobiT, itvirTa qarTuli enis uflebebis aRdgenisaTvis brZola da wamoWra universitetis gaxsnis sakiTxi.
ruseTis imperiis revoluciis gziT ngrevam (1917w.) daaCqara saqarTveloSi mimdinare erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli procesebi. eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis (1917 wlis 12 marti) Semdeg erT-erT mniSvnelovan amocanad iqca qarTuli universitetis daarseba, romlis mizanic, pirvel rigSi, unda yofiliyo mecnieruli qarTvelologiis ganviTareba. es sapasuxismgeblo saqme 1918 wlis 8 Tebervals ganaxorciela mowinave qarTvelma inteligenciam, ilia WavWavaZis gzis Rirseuli gamgrZeleblis – ivane javaxiSvilis TaosnobiT.
– ra winaaRmdegobebi iyo universitetis daarsebis Semdeg?
– universitetis daarsebam gamoaaSkarava qarTulenovani ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis mowinaaRmdegeni, kerZod: ruseTis imperiis politikuri da samecniero elita, romelTa Soris iyo ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis wevri, warmoSobiT qarTveli mecnieri niko mari. im drois ori didi mecnieris – niko marisa da ivane javaxiSvilis radikalurad gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi gamovlinda qarTuli mecnierebis iseTi aqtualuri sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, rogoric iyo: sakuTriv, qarTuli universitetis daarseba; ruseTSi sxvadasxva dros gatanil qarTul xelnawerTa da sxva siZveleTa samSobloSi dabruneba (1923 w.); amerikel arqeologTa eqspedicia mcxeTasa da naqalaqevSi (1924 w.). niko marisa da ivane javaxiSvilis poziciaTa dapirispirebam gamoaaSkarava ruseTis imperiuli Zalebisa da erovnuli tendenciebis matarebeli qarTuli mecnierebis urTierTSeuTavsebloba. niko marma 1917 wlis seqtember-oqtomberSi petrogradSi gamarTul umaRles saswavlebelTa reformebis komisiis sxdomaze waikiTxa moxseneba, romelic saTauriT – `kavkasiis universitetis Sesaxeb TbilisSi~ 1918 wels daibeWda ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis uwyebebSi. am moxsenebam arsebiTi gavlena iqonia komisiis uaryofiT daskvnaze qarTuli universitetis daarsebis mizanSewonilobasTan dakavSirebiT.
– ra iyo am moxsenebis arsi?
– niko marma qarTuli universitetis daarsebis idea daukavSira 1905-1906 wlebis warumatebeli revoluciis Semdeg ganviTarebul qarTul sazogadoebriv moZraobas, romelmac, misi sityvebiT, miiRo `avadmyofuri mwvave nacionalisturi xasiaTi~. igi lanZRavs qarTul nacionalizms, uaryofiT konteqstSi axsenebs ilia WavWavaZes, akaki wereTels, kita abaSiZes, romlis saxalxo ganaTlebis uwyebaSi moRvaweobis drosac moxda saqarTveloSi arsebuli saswavleblebis nacionalizacia. am process, werilis avtoris sityvebis Tanaxmad, logikuri ganviTareba unda mohyoloda umaRles skolaSi, `magram umaRlesi saxelmwifo skola ar aRmoCnda adgilze~. Tavisi msjelobiT niko mari midis im daskvnamde, TiTqos qarTuli universitetis Temis gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia swored saxelmwifo (rusuli) universitetis ararsebobam kavkasiaSi. is aSkarad avlens Tavis uaryofiT damokidebulebas nacionaluri universitetebisadmi. magaliTad, wers, rom qarTvelebsa da somxebs `jer ara hyavT samecniero Zalebi~, `universitetis moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad~ da damoukideblad verc `axlo momavalSi~ gamozrdian. ayalibebs pozicias, rom nacionaluri universitetebi, pirvel rigSi, emsaxureba nacionalur amocanebs, rac amaxinjebs TviT sauniversiteto swavlebis azrs, rom isini `kavkasiis sxva danarCen mosaxleobas Caayeneben meore da mesame rangis moqalaqeTa mdgomareobaSi~, rac SeiZleba gaxdes adgilobriv xalxebs Soris dapirispirebis safuZveli~. niko mari qarTuli universitetis wesdebis me-10 punqts, romelic exeba mecnierisTvis doqtoris xarisxis miniWebas, ganixilavs, rogorc qarTuli universitetisagan saxelmwifo (rusuli) universitetis `vakanturi~ adgilis dakavebis mcdelobas TbilisSi. mas aseve, SeumCneveli ar rCeba dasavleTevropel da amerikel mecnierTa daintereseba am vakanturi adgiliT da xazgasmiT miuTiTebs kavkasiaSi rusuli universitetis daarsebis aucileblobaze, rom ruseTma ar dakargos kavkasia. aSkaraa, rom niko mari qarTul universitets ganixilavs ara damoukidebel erTeulad, aramed saxelmwifo (rusuli) universitetis `umcros partniorad~. ai, misi debulebebic:
`qarTuli universiteti unda gaformdes iuridiulad, rogorc momavali sasurveli TanamSromeli saxelmwifo universitetisa~; `dauyovneblad daarsdes TbilisSi kavkasiis universiteti~, romelic, `kavkasiis ufro kulturuli xalxebis SiSismomgvreli nacionaluri ganwyobis gamo, adgilobrivi xalxebis materialurad mxardaWerisaTvis, pirvel xanebSi uzrunvelyofili iqneba fuladi saxsrebiT saxelmwifo xazinidan~.
– pirvel rigSi, vis mimarT gamoxatavda niko mari uaryofiT damokidebulebas?
– niko mari uaryofiT damokidebulebas gamoxatavs `nacionaluri universitetis ideis matarebeli~ qarTveli profesorebisadmi, Tavis `nacionalur-romantikulad~ ganwyobili `mowafeebisadmi~, romlebic dascildnen moZRvars `ara mxolod saqarTvelos kulturuli interesebis gagebaSi, aramed humanitaruli kavkasiaTmcodneobis wminda samecniero amocanebSic~. maT qmedebas afasebs, rogorc `dartymas mecnierul kavkasiaTmcodneobaze~. uaryofiTad afasebs qarTuli universitetis leqciebis programas, romelic peterburgis universitetis aRmosavluri enebis fakultetis programisa da perspeqtiuli gegmis aslad miaCnia, oRond garkveuli `damaxinjebebiT~; es `damaxinjeba~ exeba niko marisTvis faqiz Temas – misi iafetidologiis Teoriisadmi zurgSeqcevas, ris gamoxatulebadac Tvlis termin `iafeturis~ nacvlad, termin `qarTulis~ gamoyenebas qarTuli universitetis leqciebis programaSi. usafuZvlod brals sdebs qarTvel mecnierebs, TiTqos `qarTvelTmcodneobis samecniero naSromebSi araqarTuli enis gamoyenebis~ winaaRmdegi iyvnen, miaCndaT, rom `araqarTvelebs ar SeeZloT qarTvelTmcodneobiT dakaveba~. mas msjeloba gadaaqvs evropeli da rusi mecnierebis monawileobaze aRmosavleTmcodneobis `Tanamedrove~ miRwevebSi, maT sapirispirod ki eWvi Seaqvs kavkasiel kavkasiaTmcodneTa kvlevebis obieqturobaSi, ramdenadac isini, niko maris azriT, `erTianad moculi arian TavianTi cxovrebiseuli politikuri problemebiT~ da kavkasiuri nacionaluri urTierTobebis `metismeti daxlarTulobis gamo~, `fsiqologiurad ar SeuZliaT dadgnen srul obieqtur samecniero Tvalsazrisze~. aseTia mokled akademikos niko maris naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebi. misi publikacia mogvianebiT gaxda cnobili qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis.
– ra pasuxi gasca ivane javaxiSvilma?
– ivane javaxiSvilma 1922 wels dawera sapasuxo werili momavali Taobebisgan viTarebis `piruTvnelad gansjisa da Rirseuli msjavris dadebisaTvis~. qarTvelma mecnierma aRSfoTeba ver damala im faqtis gamo, rom niko marma Tbilisis universitetis daarseba gamoacxada `qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris axal erovnul avadmyofobad~, `mwvave nacionalistur mimarTulebad~, romelsac `ganaxlebul ruseTSi~, `Tavisuflebis sulis Caqroba SeeZlo~ da `ruseTis monapovarTa damamxobelad~ CaTvala qarTveli inteligencia, romelmac universitetis daarsebisaTvis brZola Tavis `erovnul valdebulebad~ gaixada. ivane javaxiSvilma niko maris 1917 wlis antisauniversiteto gamosvla Seupirispira missave zrunvas 1906 wels qarTuli samecniero akademiis daarsebisaTvis, rodesac niko mari qarTuli mecnierebis mxardamWerad warmoCnda; mis pirovnebaSi momxdari cvlileba ki ivane javaxiSvilma ruseTis akademiis wevrad arCeviT axsna; kerZod, 1906 wels niko mari mxolod profesori iyo, akademiaSi arCevis imedic ki ar hqonda. 1917 wlidan ki, ara Tu `qarTuli samecniero taZris~ daarseba ar miiCnia saWirod, mis winaaRmdeg `TavSeukavebeli mrisxanebiTac~ ki ganewyo. ivane javaxiSvilma dagmo niko maris sauniversiteto `gegma~, romlis mixedviTac qarTuli universiteti kavkasiis saxelmwifo (rusul) universitetze damokidebul kerZo saswavleblad unda darCeniliyo, ar eqneboda ra mecnierisaTvis xarisxis miniWebis ufleba. igi mas ruseTis imperiis interesebis damcvel politizebul mecnierad Tvlis, romlis mizanic iyo, TbilisSi rusulenovani universitetis daarsebiT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi ararusi eTnosebis `SeduRabeba~. mas uwodebs `rusuli gulmodginebiT~ savse `ukidures Sovinists~, romelic, amavdroulad, eWvis TvaliT uyurebs amerikelTa da dasavleTevropelTagan mosalodnel samecniero kontaqtebs qarTvel mecnierebTan. ivane javaxiSvili obieqturad sazRvravs, rom qarTuli universitetis mowinaaRmdege akademikoss zurgs rusuli `uxeSi samxedro Zala~ umagrebs; amxels mas ruseTis mTavrobis wreebTan saeWvod daaxloebaSi, rom mas `karga xania~, `politikuri midrekilebis niSnebi emCneoda~. gakvirvebulia, rom niko mari, romelic 1906-1907 wlebSi qarTvelTmoZule mRvdel ivane vostorgovs sajarod sakadris pasuxs scemda, 10 wlis Semdgom sulierad ise dauaxlovda, rom `vostorgovis msgavsi eniTa da iaraRiT ibrZoda~ qarTuli ganaTlebis winaaRmdeg.
ivane javaxiSvilis biografiis avtori sergo jorbenaZe niko maris daufarav agresias qarTuli universitetisadmi xsnis misi `adamianuri sisustiTa da mecnieruli monopolizmiT~, riTac arsebiTad scildeba ivane javaxiSvilis Sefasebas.
– qarTuli enisadmi niko maris damokidebulebas ivane javaxiSvili rogor amxels?
– ivane javaxiSvilis werilSi aris sayuradRebo cnoba niko maris enisadmi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, kerZod, niko mari `erTi im pirTagani yofila~, romelTac ruseTis samecniero akademiaSi winadadeba Seitanes, `akademikosebisaTvis savaldebulod gaexadaT rusulad wera, anu ararus mecnierebs mSobliur enaze weris ufleba ar hqonodaT; rogorc aRmoCnda, `swored rus akademikosTa umravlesobisgan es winadadeba uaryofili iqmna da nikos misamarTiT mxolod sayveduri ismoda~. ivane sapasuxo werilSi msjelobs qarTvel mecnierTa gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze kavkasiaTmcodneobis ganviTarebaSi da sagangebod usvams xazs qarTul enaze mecnierebis ganviTarebis aucileblobas. ganixilavs qarTuli universitetis originalur programas qarTvelologiuri disciplinebis sruli CamonaTvaliT, rogoric, Tbilisis universitetis garda, arcerT sxva umaRles saswavlebelSi ar danergila.
– saboloo verdiqti rogori iyo?
– sayuradReboa ivane javaxiSvilis dakvirveba samecniero orientirebis gansazRvrisa da samecniero cnebebis saxeldebis mariseul principze. ivane javaxiSvili miuTiTebs, rom iafetur TeoriasTan saerTo araferi aqvs qarTul enaTmecnierebasa da dialeqtologias. metic, igi amxels niko mars, rom gandevna realurad arsebuli istoriuli termini `qarTuli~ da SemoiRo Tavisi `SeTxzuli da mogonili, marisTvisac ki gamourkveveli erTeulisa da avadebadi cnebis gamomxatveli termini iafeturi~. ivane javaxiSvili Tavisi da niko maris samecniero interesebis `srul SeuTavseblobaSi~ darwmunda misi nawerebis gulmodgined gacnobisas, rodesac qarTveli eris istoriis axali gamocemisaTvis qarTulisa da kavkasiuri enebis naTesaobis Sesaxeb Teoriebis mimoxilvas Seudga. man `zneobriv movaleobad CaTvala~, uareyo niko maris `azrebis daudgromeli cvalebadobiT~ damZimebuli Teoria, ra daskvnamdec TviTon es ukanaskneli mivida 1920 wels dabeWdil naSromSi: `iafeturi kavkasia da mesame eTnikuri elementi xmelTaSua zRvis kulturis SecnobaSi~. dapirispirebam moZRvarsa da mowafes Soris gansxvavebuli poziciebisa da orientirebis gamo Tavi iCina sxva sauniversiteto samecniero-kvleviT RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebiTac. jer kidev 1920 wlis Semodgomaze, Semdeg ki 1923 wlis 26 ianvars, ruseTSi sxvadasxva dros gatanili qarTuli xelnawerebis saqarTveloSi dasabruneblad Semdgari sakavSiro komisiis muSaobis periodSi, roca garkveuli SeTanxmeba miRweuli iyo qarTvel da rus eqspertebs Soris, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitets aRuZravs Suamdgomloba ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis winaSe aTonis bibliis (X s.) fotopirTa aslebis damzadebis Taobaze, Tumca uSedegod: ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis uaryofiTi pasuxi ganapiroba niko maris 1923 wlis 26 martis saprotesto werilma akademiis mudmivi mdivnis saxelze. rogorc aRniSnuli dokumentidan Cans, niko mari: araviTar kolegialur pasuxismgeblobas ar grZnobs qarTuli samecniero skolis warmomadgenlTa winaSe; maT samarTlian moTxovnas afasebs, rogorc `gaumarTlebel~, `mecnierulad usafuZvlo aqts~; `akademiisTvis Tavsmoxveul Zaladobas~; Seuracxyofas ayenebs saqarTvelos; mas uwodebs `mecnieruli SemoqmedebisTvis unayofo qveyanas~, sadac mxolod sabWoTa `nacionaluri wyobisTvis~ damRupveli `umdablesi zoologiuri nacionalisturi grZnobebi batonoben~. amave dros, is qarTuli mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi xedavs petrogradel swavlulTa koleqtiuri muSaobisa da Tavisi piradi samecniero moRvaweobis dasasruls. niko maris 1923 wlis saprotesto werilis Semdeg, dairRva qarTvel da rus eqspertTa SeTanxmeba qarTuli xelnawerebis samSobloSi dabrunebasTan dakavSirebiT. niko maris fondSi daculi korneli kekeliZis werili mowmobs, rom problema sabolood 1924 wlisTvisac ar gadaWrila. ivane javaxiSvilma 1923 wlis 7 dekembers dawera sapasuxo werili, romelSic amxila niko maris antierovnuli saqmianoba, misi moqmedebis mizani Seafasa rogorc wminda kulturuli saqmis politikur sakiTxad gadaqceva. ivane javaxiSvilma gamoxata Tavisi moqalaqeobrivi pozicia, rodesac gaacxada universitetis profesorTa sabWos uaryofiTi gadawyvetileba, Seqmnili pirobebis mixedviT, niko marTan `raime TanamSromlobaze~.
– aseTi qmedebebis Semdeg niko mari ra pozicias iWerda?
– 1924 wels, rodesac zahesis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT wamoiWra mcxeTa-naqalaqevis arqeologiuri Seswavlis sakiTxi da (sauniversiteto finansebis arqonis pirobebSi) gaCnda realuri SesaZlebloba amerikel mecnierTa monawileobiT arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Catarebisa, informaciis presaSi gaxmaurebisTanave mecnierebaTa akademiis materialuri kulturis istoriis institutis direqtorma niko marma dabeWda saprotesto werili, romelSic qarTvel mecnierTa iniciativa `daujereblad barbarosul qmedebad~ Seafasa `sabWoTa samecniero dawesebulebaTa~ gverdis avlis gamo.
– niko mari visi mxardaWeriT moqmedebda?
– niko mars sajarod dauWira mxari bolSevikurma xelisuflebam, rasac mowmobs 1924 wlis 2 ivlisis `zaria vostokasa~ da `komunistSi~ `Cvenis~ fsevdonimiT dabeWdili tendenciuri werili: `profesori, romelmac sTqva simarTle Sovinist profesorebze~. werilis avtori, erTi mxriv, aRniSnavs ra niko maris samecniero miRwevebs, misi Teoriis marqsizmis principebTan siaxlovesa da burJuaziul ideologiasTan dapirispirebulobas, gamoxatavs aSkara Tanadgomas bolSevikuri ideologiis samsaxurSi myofi mecnieris mimarT; meore mxriv, muqariTa da Seuracxmyofeli sityvebiT ixseniebs qarTvel profesorebs, romlebmac niko mars ar misces universitetSi leqciis wakiTxvis neba da arc mis sajaro leqcias daeswrnen. ivane javaxiSvilma gamoiCina moqalaqeobrivi gambedaoba da universitetis gamgeobis saxeliT moamzada sapasuxo werili, romelSic gaabaTila usamarTlo braldebebi qarTvel mecnierTa mimarT; amxila qarTuli kulturul-saganmanaTleblo RonisZiebebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili mecnieri niko mari da misi politikuri mxardamWeri xelisufleba, romelmac momdevno wlebSi ufro gaamZafra brZola qarTuli universitetis winaaRmdeg.
am politikuri brZolis praqtikuli Sedegi iyo 1926 wels ivane javaxiSvilis reqtorobidan gadayeneba, rasac mohyva qarTuli universitetis daSlac. 1930 wlis 7 ivlisis dadgenilebiT, universiteti daSales umaRles saswavleblebad misi saboloo gauqmebis mizniT. universitetis `reorganizaciis~ SedarebiT umtkivneulod CatarebisaTvis, sazogadoebis yuradReba gadaitanes presaSi gaxmaurebul cru informaciaze niko maris TavmjdomareobiT qarTuli samecniero akademiis daarsebis Sesaxeb. qarTveli inteligenciisaTvis Tvalis asaxvevad, xelisuflebam niko maris avtoriteti gamoiyena.
– qalbatono ia, Tqveneuli daskvna rogoria?
– ori didi mecnieris ivane javaxiSvilisa da niko maris gansxvavebul poziciaTa Sepirispireba qmnis metyvel suraTs im winaaRmdegobebisa, romlebic gamoiara qarTulma erovnulma mecnierebam sabWoTa diqtaturis wlebSi. maT werilebSi daculi informaciis safuZvelze mkafiod ikveTeba, erTi mxriv, qarTuli mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis mebrZol da meore mxriv, mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politizebuli Zalebis dasayrden mecnierTa saxeebi. ivane javaxiSvili XIX saukunis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis warmomadgenelTa gzis gamgrZelebelia, romlis naSromebic myar bazas qmnis erovnuli mecnierebis, ganaTlebisa da kulturis ganviTarebisTvis. niko maris Sesaxeb winaaRmdegobrivi Sefasebebi isev arsebobs. erovnuli mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis dagegmva da masTan dakavSirebiT gansxvavebul poziciaTa Sepirispireba dResac aqtualur Temad rCeba.

