მოზარდებში ძალადობის პრევენციისთვის
darina gabaiZe 514 22 22 80 –
ra iwvevs mozardebSi agresias da Zaladobas? ras unda mivaqcioT yuradReba ufrosebma da rogor veZeboT gamosavali? vis ekisreba pasuxismgebloba Seqmnil mdgomareobaze? am da sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze gazeT `aWaras~ esaubra klinikuri fsiqologi-fsiqoTerapevti zurab qarCava.
– ratom gaxSirda mozarTa Soris Zaladobis SemTxvevebi, gansakuTrebiT bolo periodSi?
– rTulia imis Tqma, ramdenad gaizarda an Semcirda mozardebSi Zaladobis faqtebi imitom, rom statistikurma monacemebma SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos. Zaladobrivma qcevam, bulingma, rasac axorcieleben mozardobis periodSi, ver vityvi, rom dRes imata, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ar xdeba am Temis afiSireba. konkretuli faqti Tu saskolo-saganmanaTeblo sivrceSi moxda, maSin TiTqos xdeba problebis Signidan mogvareba.
– msgavs SemTxvevebSi problema gvardeba?
– ara, imitom, rom krizisuli situaciis marTvas garkveuli unarebi da specialuri ganaTleba sWirdeba. es problema mezoblurad ar gvardeba. aqedan gamomdinare, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac xdeba am Temis dafarva da ar Suqdeba, magram rodesac televiziamde midis ambavi, gaSuqebac, xSirad SerCeviTia, rac aris Zalian arajansaRi damokidebuleba.
Zaladobis safrTxeebze multigunduri midgomaa saWiro, raSic sxvadasxva specialisti, socialuri muSaki, fsiqologi, pedagogi, mSobeli da, aseve, skolis administracia unda iyos CarTuli, romelic am sivrceSi unda agvarebdes problemas garkveuli strategiis mixedviT, esaa yvelaze mniSvnelovani.
– ra SeiZleba iyos mozardebSi Zaladobis gamomwvevi mizezi?
– TiToeul adamianSi arsebobs amis mzaoba, amas akeTebs Cveni tvinis reptiluri nawili avtomaturad da aracnobierad. agresiac, Zaladobac Cveni bunebis nawilia. rodesac, garkveulwilad, es, instiqturad, evoluciis periodSi Camoyalibda, raRac momentSi saWiroebac arsebobda. aris sportis saxeobebi, sadac Zaladoba da agresia Cveulebrivi movlenaa, magram garkveul socialur normebSi da wesebSi jdeba. es, konkretulad, instiqtur moqmedebas rom daabralo da mxolod erT faqtorSi gaiTvaliswino, asec ar aris. Tanamedrove fsiqikuri jandacvis specialistebi, romlebic muSaoben msgavs faqtebze, Zaladoba iqneba, agresia, brazi Tu sxva moqmedeba, ganixilaven mas bio-fsiqo-socialur modelSi. biologiur, pirovnul, emociur, socialur modelebSi SeiZleba igulisxmebodes kidev is, rom igive mikrosociumSi, ojaxis sistemaSi iyos garkveuli modelebi, romlebsac bavSvebi daiswavlian aRzrdis periodSi. xSir SemTxvevaSi, bulingis SemTxvevebi gvxdeba merve klasidan da maRla. aq kidev erTi Zalian mniSvnelovani faqtoria, romelic exmareba Zaladobis ganviTarebas, es aris mozardis garkveuli fsiqologiuri da emociuri Taviseburebebi, romlebic asaks SeiZleba axldes iwyeba fizikuri momwifebis, ase vTqvaT, pubertatis asakSi.
– ras gulisxmobT?
– gardatexis asakSi garkveuli biologiuri da fizikuri procesebi da cvlilebebi xdeba. problematuria isic, rom skolebSi ar iswavleba sqesobrivi ganaTlebis sakiTxebi da am Temebze ar aris aqcenti gakeTebuli. saWiroa jansaRi informaciis miwodeba, rom mozardma icodes, ra xdeba am dros mis sxeulSi. rac ar unda jansaR garemoSi gaizardos bavSvi da yvelanairi Tanamedrove fsiqologiuri principi gamoviyenoT, fiziologiur da biologiur reaqciebs ver avcdebiT. bavSvma unda icodes amis marTva da es aris mniSnelovani. pirdapir ver vityvi, rom informirebuloba saerTod aqrobs Zaladobas an agresias, Tumca, fsiqologiur ganaTlebas Zaladobis Semcirebis tendencia moaqvs. amaze kvlevebic arsebobs. swori informaciis miwodebiT, Zaladoba 20-30%-iT SeiZleba Semcirdes. cnobierebis amaRlebis kampanias, garkveulwilad, aqvs dadebiTi Sedegi.
– garkveul skolebs ukve hyavT fsiqologebi, Tumca TavianT daniSnulebas ramdenad asruleben?
– skolis fsiqologebs TavianTi funqcia-movaleobebi aqvT. es gawerili unda iyos da nabij-nabij xorcildebodes, iqneba es prevenciuli Tu intervenciuli. Cvens sazogadoebaSi moZalade mainc stigmatizebuli da gariyulia. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Zaladobs adamiani, romelsac TviTon aqvs gamocdileba fsiqologiuri, emociuri an fizikuri Zaladobis. yvelas sWirdeba daxmareba, rogorc amgvari qmedebis ganmaxorcielebels, msxverpls, aseve, im mozardebs, romlebic imyofebodnen Zaladobis SemTxvevis adgilze. es matramvirebeli garemoa da garSemomyofebzec aisaxeba. mniSvnelovania TiToeuli adamianis da pirovnebis rolis gaTvaliswineba da ara msajulis poziciaze yofna (Sen marTali xar an mtyuani), radgan mozardobis xanaSi, pubertatis periodSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani principi, romelic bavSvebs da mozardebs axasiaTebs, aris samarTlianobis gancdis moTxovnileba. es moTxovnileba rodesac ver kmayofildeba da fsiqologiur da emociur balanss ar iwvevs, izrdeba arapirdapiri gamovlineba, rogorc agresiis an Zaladobis, metic, mozardma SeiZleba sakuTari Tavis mimarTac ki ganaxorcielos TviTdamazianebeli qceva, gaxdes Caketili da a. S. Cven bavSvebsa da mozardebze vsaubrobT, Tumca TviTon zrdasrulebic ki, Sesabamisi garemoebebis Seqmnis safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia gaxdnen moZaladeebi. es yvelaferi dakavSirebulia stresmedegobaze, emociuri inteleqtis xarisxis ganviTarebaze, rogor SeuZlia adamians marTos es gaRizianeba da sakuTari brazi. yvelaferi Cveni unarebia – kognituri, emociuri, socialuri, romlebsac samwuxarod, saganamanaTleblo sivrceSi ar eqceva yuradReba. aseve, mniSvnelovania xazi gavusvaT imas, rom gardatexis asakSi, mozardebis pubertatis dros, rac me gamocdileba maqvs, empaTiis, Tanagancdis xarisxi fiziologiurad iklebs. gaRizianeba, fiziologiuri cvlilebebi da procesebi Zalian mZimea da gaucnobiereblad xdeba es yvelaferi. Tu ar aqvs unarebi da ar icis, rogor marTos yovelive, Zalian mZime Sedegebi SeiZleba miviRoT. amitom sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania skolebSi fsiqologebis arseboba da mozardebTan swori muSaoba.
– ra SeiZleba gaakeTos skolam da maswavlebelma, uSualod visac Sexeba aqvs bavSvebTan?
– pirveli principia, rom yvela rgolis CarTuloba iyos jansaRi komunikaciis principze agebuli. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Zaladobrivi qcevis ganmaxorcielebeli Sinagani bunebiT Zalian travmulia da aqedan gamomdinare, Cven ar unda vavnoT arcerT mxares. am procesis fasilitacia ar aris martivi. aq kidev konfidencialurobis principia Zalian mniSnelovani. Zaladobis maprovocirebeli SeiZleba iyvnen zrdasrulebi da mSoblebic ki. Zalian bevri faqtoria, rac unda gaviTvaliswinoT da ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom es yvelaferi zrdasrulebis pasuxismgebloba, aseve, im adamianebis, romlebic imyofebian im garemoSi da pasuxismgeblebi arian bavSTan mimarTebaSi. xSirad pedagogebi abraleben skolas, skola abralebs ganaTlebis saministros da am gadabralebasa da pasuxismgelobis gadatanis mcdelobebSi cudi realoba dgeba Cveni mozardebisaTvis. marto ojaxebze ar aris saubari, aviRoT politikuri da samTavrobo garemo, rodesac Sen dilidan saRamomde, masmediis saSualebiT xedav agresiis da Zaladobis propagandas, Sefaruls, pirdapirs, iribs, fsiqologiurs Tu emociurs. roca zrdasruli adamianebi, romlebic pasuxismgeblebi arian jansaRi garemos Seqmnaze, TviTonve axorcieleben Zaladobas, Cven ra ufleba gvaqvs, movTxovoT bavSvebs, iyvnen tolerantulebi da empaTiurebi erTmaneTis mimarT? samwuxarod, dRes adamiani ki ar aris Rirebuli, aramed materialur-sagnobrivi da finansuri keTildReoba gadavida wina planze, Tan warmateba yvelaze saSiS diagnozad iqca.
– ras gulisxmobT?
– ufrosebi bavSvebs sTxoven, rom warmatebulebi iyvnen, Tumca ar fiqroben, am dros bavSvi Tu aris bednieri. dResdReobiT tvinis aRqmis, yuradRebis neirofsiqologiuri xarisxi Secvlilia, Zalian daiwia koncentraciis unarma. teqnikurma epoqam Secvala tvinis funqcionireba. Taobas, romelic axla modis, erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi gakveTilze Cumad jdoma ar SeuZlia imitom, rom miCveulebi arian telefonebs, gajetebs, TamaSebs. sagakveTilo periodi SeiZleba iyos naxevari saaTi. Zalian mniSnelovania dasvenebis menejmenti is, rom bavSvma mudmivad raRac unda iswavlos, daweros, daizepiros, misTvis Zalian didi stresia da am stresis marTva Tu ar icis, maTze Cven TviTon vZaladobT ukve. aqedan gamomdinare, mizezebi jer sakuTar TavSi unda veZeboT da im rgolSi, romelsac aqvs valdebuleba da pasuxismgebloba, marTos es garemo, saganmanaTleblo iqneba Tu sxva sivrce. Zaladoba rom gvikvirs mozardebSi, ratom ar vsaubrobT, igive sabavSvo baRebSi rom Zaladobaa?! warmoidgineT, sami an Tundac xuTi wlis bavSvebi 3 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, umravles baRSi sxedan da maTvis ar SeiZleba iseTi bunebrivi ram, rogorc aris TamaSi. TviTon zrdasrulebi imyofebian stresSi, socialur-ekonomikur, Tu sxva tipis, Semdeg am uaryofiT energias gadascemen sxvas. Cven irgvliv yvelaferi negativzea agebuli, naTel sxivebze ar aris orientirebuli pedagogi. bavSvi karg moqmedebas rom ganaxorcielebs, arc vaqcevT yuradRebas, mxolod negativze vakeTebT aqcents. me zrdasrulebze vakeTeb aqcents da bavSvebi CemTvis sarkeebi arian im garemosi, sadac izrdebian da moqmedeben. unari – garkveuli problema gadaWras komunikaciis gziT, bevrs ara aqvs! emociuroba, feTqebadoba, es yvelaferi modis zrdasrulebisgan.
– moswavleebis mSoblebi miiCneven, rom skola sul ufro saSiSi adgili xdeba. . . ra SeiZleba vurCioT maT?
– skolebi gansxvavdeba. aris sajaro da kerZo skolebi. programulad kerZo da sajaroc erTnairad gadis programas, ar aris gansxvaveba, orive ganaTlebis sistemas eqvemdebareba. sxvaoba aris klasSi moswavleebis raodenobaSi. magaliTad, erT skolaSi minimum, 600 bavSvia, erTi fsiqologi da erTi socialuri muSaki, esec mizerulia, saStato erTeulebis da specialistebis gadanawilebac riskis qveS dgas da Zalian mZime mdgomareobaa. aqedan gamomdinare, aRarafers vambob Tavad pedagogebis gadaRlasa da profesiul gadawvaze. ufro meti sarisko garemoebebi arsebobs, romlebsac mivyavarT iqamde, rom vfiqrobT, skola SeiZleba iyos saSiSi Cemi SvilisTvis. simarTle giTxraT, mirCevnia Cemi Svilebi iyvnen fsiqologiurad janmrTelebi, vidre yvela saganSi hqondeT 10 qula da warmatebaze iyvnen Camokidebulebi. profesias ar aqvs mniSvneloba, mTavaria iyos bednieri. skolaSi ar iswavleba proforientacia, aravin gaZlevs codnas, Tu sad, romel mimarTulebaSi SegiZlia, gamoiyeno Seni Zlieri mxareebi da sagnobrivi codna. Cveni garemo da cxovreba ar aris usafrTxo… mTavaria skolam misces is saWiro fsiqologiuri, emociuri da socialuri unarebi, rom mere bavSvma SeZlos damoukideblad da pasuxismgeblobiT miiRos gadawyvetilebebi. robert kiosaki ambobs, skolaSi, universitetSi da yvela sivrceSi gvaswavlian yvelafers, garda erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani ramisa, rogor viSovoT fuli! arada, amaze dgas mTeli sistema da saxelmwifo. bavSvebs yvelafers vTxovT yvela saganSi, yvelaze mTavars da mniSvnelovans ar vaswavliT. karl gustav iungi iyo Sveicarieli fsiqiatri, romelmac Tqva, rom yvelaze rTuli da yvelaze mZime, rac SeiZleba bavSvs daawves, es aris mSoblebis arSemdgari cxovreba, rodesac TviTon ar arian realizebulebi da bavSvisgan iTxoven realizebul pirovnebad yofnas. jer Sen mieci magaliTi! ai, aseTi arajansaRi midgomebi qmnis konfliqtebsac, stresac, emociur daZabvasac da kidev aRzrdis stili. saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi sakmarisia droc da resursic, rom iyos es yvelaferi, gakveTilebis dro Semcirdes, aqtivobebi ki daematos. fsiqologiuri da emociuri unarebis daswavla mniSvnelovania, skolam bavSvi cxovrebisTvis unda moamzados.
Tqven iciT, rom bavSvebis 45 % fiziologiurad da fizikurad SimSilis zRvarzea?! yvelaze bolos unda mivideT bavSvebis pasuxismgeblobasTan. jer zevidan unda daviwyoT, magaliTi unda hqondes bavSvs, ra aris jansaRi garemo, usafrTxoeba da a.S. yvela sfero aris politizebuli! imdeni faqtoria, rom mivyve zevidan qveviT, bavSvebis Temamde SeiZleba verc Cavide. elementarulad, SeiZleba mSieria bavSvi da amis gamo aris gaRizianebuli. SimSili aris bazisuri moTxovnileba. bavSvs rodesac Sia, raSi ainteresebs romelime sagani an planetebi? ratom ar aris erTjeradi kveba skolebSi? daTvlilia, 1,80-2 laramde jdeba erTi bavSvis gamokveba, mcire ulufa, romelic mis mdgomareobas gaaumjobesebs. amitom saxelmwifom aiRos pasuxismgebloba da mixedos pirveladi sakiTxebis mogvarebas, skola aris fsiqologiuri, emociuri da socialuri keTildReobis garemo. yvelas Tavisi funqcia-movaleobebi aqvs, CvenTan ki gadabralebis reJimSia yvela. mSobeli – skolas, skola – saministros, saministro – sxvas, ase, wreze, gadabralebis reJimSi varT.
– dabolos, Zaladobis Tavidan acilebis da daZlevis ra gzebi arsebobs?
– skola aris saganmanaTleblo sivrce, romelic eqvemdebareba saxelmwifos. ganaTlebis saministroSi mkafiod unda iyos principebi gawerili – rogor vmoqmedebT, ra strategiebi gvaqvs ZaladobasTan mimarTebaSi da a.S. mniSvnelovania, aseve, specialistebisTvis jansaRi garemos Seqmna, vinc muSaobs bavSvebTan, am specialistebTan muSaobac saWiroa. Semdeg ukve fizikuri garemo rogoria, ferebi, infrastruqtura. ar unda iyos skola mxolod garedan SeRebili da SigniT hgavdes cixes. unda SemuSavdes Sida marTvis, administraciuli strategia, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos midgomebi skolis, klasebis da asakis mixedviT. es aris prevencia. Semdegi etapia mSoblebTan muSaoba. skolaSi multigunduri midgomis Camoyalibeba, pozitiuri garemos SeqmnisTvis muSaoba, raSic mSobeli, moswavle, pedagogi – yvela unda iyos CarTuli. erToblivi, Tanasworobaze orintirebuli socialuri garemos Seqmna Seamcirebs riskebs. piradi gamocdileba maqvs, 20 welia am saqmianobaSi var, kargad vicnob bavSvebs, vici skola, Zalian bevri prevenciuli RonisZiebis gatareba SeiZleba, magram amisaTvis zrdasrulebi unda iyvnen pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse da jansaRi Rirebulebebis mqone, upirveles yovlisa. zevidan unda daviwyoT fiqri da qmedeba. rodesac jansaR garemos dainaxaven bavSvebi, isini swor mimarTulebas airCeven.
