იდეა ბათუმში დაიბადა…
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1918 wels saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba qveynis mesveurebs metad rTul pirobebSi mouxdaT.
arsebul problemebsa da mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs Soris gamorCeuli iyo baTumis faqtori
asi wlis winaT aq ganviTarebul movlenebsa da damoukideblobis gamocxadebis gadamwyvet aspeqtebze `aWarasTan~ istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorma, profesorma nugzar zosiZem isaubra.
– batono nugzar, rogorc vici, faqtebi, romlebzec dRes CvenTan isaubrebT, sazogadoebis didi nawilisTvis ucnobia…
– saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba metad rTul istoriul periodSi moxda, rasac Tan sdevda samxedro-diplomatiuri brZolebi qveynis istoriuli sazRvrebis SesanarCuneblad. amierkavkasiis seimi, Semdeg ki demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba cdilobda mezobel saxelmwifoebTan megobruli urTierTobebis damyarebas da saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, teritoriuli problemebis mogvarebas. samwuxarod, imdroindel saSinao da sagareo pirobebSi amis miRweva SeuZlebeli iyo. saqarTvelos xelisufleba iswrafoda, SeenarCunebina ruseTisa da osmaleTis imperiebs Soris pirvel msoflio omamde arsebuli sasazRvro reJimi, rasac kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda osmaleTis imperia calkeuli saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis moSveliebiT. maT Soris, umTavresi, brestis samSvidobo xelSekruleba iyo, romelic saqarTvelosTvis Zalze mZime da arasasiamovno pirobebSi gaformda.
– ra RonisZiebebi gaatara seimma?
– am droisaTvis amierkavkasia TurqebTan mosalaparakeblad emzadeboda. 16 Tebervals seimma daamtkica delegaciis Semadgenloba akaki Cxenkelis meTaurobiT. SemuSavda samoqmedo gegma, romlis mixedviTac, delegacias 1914 wlamde arsebuli sazRvrebis SenarCunebisaTvis unda ezruna. 23 Tebervals delegacia trapizonSi imyofeboda. marTalia, aq jer kidev iyvnen rusi jariskacebi, magram Turquli mxare Riad acxadebda, rom maspinZeli is iyo. 14 marts Sedga molaparakebis pirveli raundi. adre daSvebuli Secdomebi damokles maxviliviT daekida amierkavkasiis delegaciis Tavze, rac Turqebs saSualebas aZlevda konferencia maTTvis sasurveli gziT waremarTaT. gamovlinda maTi namdvili ganzraxvac: rauf beis gancxadebiT, isini trapizonSi Camovidnen ara brestis xelSekrulebis gadasasinjad, aramed molaparakebebze ekonomikuri urTierTobebis safuZvlebis mosamzadeblad da calkeuli detalebis gasarkvevad, rac ar iyo asaxuli brest-litovskis xelSekrulebaSi. trapizonis molaparakebebi CixSi Sevida. TurqeTis mxare urTierTobebis safuZvlad brestis SeTanxmebas miiCnevda da Tvlida, rom baTumis, yarsisa da ardaganis sakiTxi ganxilvas saerTod ar eqvemdebareboda, raki osmaleTs hqonda am teritoriebis mierTebis ufleba. Turquli istoriografiis mixedviT, trapizonis konferenciaze osmaleTis delegaciis mTavari mizani amierkavkasiasTan mSvidobisa da stabilurobis SenarCuneba gaxldaT, Tumca maTi uflebebi SezRuduli iyo, ris da sxva mizezebis gamoc, molaparakebebi uSedegod dasrulda da delegaciac iZulebuli gaxda stambolSi dabrunebuliyo. 15 aprils Turquli mxare daTanxmda molaparakebebis gagrZelebas, axla ukve baTumSi, romelic im droisaTvis ukve okupirebuli iyo osmalTa mier. unda aRiniSnos, rom trapizonisa da baTumis konferenciebi mimdinareobda TurqeTis samxedro eqspansiis fonze, rac kidev ufro amZimebda amierkavkasiis mdgomareobas. amierkavkasiis delegacia cdilobda calkeuli daTmobebiT osmalTa agresiis SeCerebas, iTxovda molaparakebebis safuZvlad brestis zavi yofiliyo (is zavi, romelsac Tavis droze boikoti gamoucxades), Tumca Turqul mxares sakiTxis ase dayeneba xels ar aZlevda.
– am konferenciaze gaJRerda proeqti, romliTac saqarTvelo teritoriebs kargavda…
– diax, konferenciaze Turqulma mxarem wamoayena aneqsionisturi xasiaTis xelSekrulebis proeqti – saqarTvelo kargavda yvela im teritorias, romelic daibruna mTeli me-19 saukunis ganmavlobaSi ruseT-osmaleTis omebis Sedegad. es iyo ardaganisa da baTumis olqebi, aseve axalcixe da axalqalaqi, rac arRvevda saqarTvelos politikur da ekonomikur mdgomareobas. Turquli mxare proeqts saboloo variantad miiCnevda. 17 maiss, viTarebis gasarkvevad, baTumSi Camovida saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomare noe Jordania. aq mas daxvedria cudi mdgomareoba da xalxis autaneli yofa. kerZod, pirvelyovlisa, osmalTa arakompromisuli da Semtevi ganwyoba, meore mxriv ki amierkavkasiis delegaciis aramyari erTianoba, rac misi azerbaijaneli wevrebis proosmaluri miswrafebebiT iyo gamowveuli. Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobidan erTaderT gamosavlad qarTul delegacias miuCnevia seimis daSla, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba da germaniis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla. konfidencialuri Sexvedris dros noe JordaniasTvis igive urCevia general fon losovsac. zurab avaliSvilis TqmiT, `amierkavkasiis koaliciis garduvali daSlis saidumlo baTumSi gandobili hqonda mxolod ramdenime kacs~. maTgan noe Jordanias unda etvirTa dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad saWiro aqciebis Catareba TbilisSi – amierkavkasiis seimis TviTgauqmeba da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. igi Tavdapirvelad meryeobda, rac savsebiT gasagebi iyo – qveynis damoukideblobis azri ar egueboda mis arc adrindel doqtrinas, arc ruseTis social-demokratiuli partiisadmi kuTvnilebas. bolos mainc Seudga axali programis gatarebas. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtis pirveli samuSao proeqtis avtori zurab avaliSvili iyo. a. Cxenkelma, p. surgulaZem, n. nikolaZem es varianti moiwones. 24 maiss, saRamos, ZiriTadi sakiTxebis garkvevis Semdeg, n. Jordania TbilisSi dabrunda.
– amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom damoukideblobis gamocxadebis idea baTumSi daibada…
– diax, sabolood, baTumSi gamoiZerwa da aq SemuSavebuli gegmiT, uswrafesad gadawyda kidec. amasobaSi baTumis konferenciaze mdgomareoba kvlav gamwvavda. fon losovma saidumlod acnoba akaki Cxenkels, rom osmalTa mxare amzadebda ultimatums mis mierve wamoyenebuli zavis pirobebis cnobis Sesaxeb. amiT SeSfoTebulma akaki Cxenkelma, 25 maiss, RamiT, baTumidan TbilisSi depeSa gagzavna: `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis kidev dagvianeba gamoiwvevs gamousworebel Sedegebs. germanelebis Suamavlobis cda ar moxerxda. dagvrCenia erTaderTi – osmalebis Semosevas win davuyenoT damoukidebeli saqarTvelo, romelsac mxaris damWerad eyoleba germania. mis warmomadgenlad saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan iqneba grafi Sulenburgi, romelic saWiroa damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave iqnas cnobili… gamzadebulia xelmosawerad ramdenime droebiTi SeTanxmeba germaniasTan~. magram Tbilisi mainc WoWmanobda. akaki Cxenkeli TbilisSi gagzavnil momdevno depeSaSi aRniSnavda: `aseT kritikul momentSi pirdapir danaSaulia zog-zogis SiSi. saWiroa gamWriaxoba, simtkice da gambedaoba… uriskod araferi keTdeba. saxelmwifo vis dauarsebia uriskod. maS, saWiroa gambedaoba, gambedaoba da kidev gambedaoba~’. baTumidan gagzavnil momdevno depeSaSi akaki Cxenkeli ayenebda gegmas, romliTac unda exelmZRvanela saqarTvelos mTavrobas damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTanave – `saqarTvelos mTavrobis pirveli nabiji Semdegi unda iyos, man unda moiTxovos germaniis mfarveloba Tavisi damoukideblobis dasacavad. dadgenileba amis Sesaxeb unda gadaeces graf Sulenburgs. mas miuvida instruqcia, romlis ZaliT is am Tqvens Suamdgomlobas gadascems Tavis mTavrobas. SeiZleba pasuxis mosvlamde manve ikisros germaniis imperiis warmomadgenlis roli. am SemTxvevaSi, is gamoiyvans Tavis patara razms tyveebisagan Semdgars da miegebeba momsvlel Turqebs da ganucxadebs, rom saqarTvelo ukve germaniis mfarvelobis qveS imyofeba, aqedan Turqebs ara aqvT ufleba misi teritoria gadmolaxon~.
– batono nugzar, rogori iyo germanuli mxaris pozicia?
– kavkasiis sakiTxis aseTi gamwvaveba da TurqTa logikur CarCodan amovardnili miswrafebebi arc germaniis mxares moswonda. 1918 wlis 22 maisis germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministros sxdomaze, Seexo ra ministri fon kiulmani kavkasiis sakiTxs, xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom `baTumis dakavebis Semdeg porta ocnebobs Seqmnas kavkasiur-Turquli saxelmwifo, Cven vcdilobT gavlena movaxdinoT masze, magram uSedegod~. qarTul-Turquli urTierTobebi, samwuxarod, imTaviTve ver ganviTarda keTilmezoblur CarCoebSi, es ki aranairad ar uwyobda xels regionSi stabiluri viTarebis SenarCunebas. msjeloba gaimarTa imasTan dakavSirebiTac, Tu rodis gamocxadebuliyo saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. magram amierkavkasiis federaciis dauSlelobis SemTxvevaSi, es ar iqneboda samarTlebrivad marTebuli, radgan yalibdeboda saxelmwifo – saxelmwifoSi, amitomac, damoukideblobis gamocxadeba savsebiT samarTlianad momdevno dRisaTvis gadaido. amave dRes SemuSavda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtis saboloo proeqti. TbilisSi, yofil mefisnacvlis sasaxleSi, 26 maiss Seikriba amierkavkasiis federaciuli respublikis seimis sagangebo da ukanaskneli sxdoma. seimis social-demokratiulma fraqciam daayena federaciis daSlisa da amierkavkasiis respublikebis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis sakiTxi. social-demokratiuli fraqciis saxeliT irakli wereTelma warmoTqva vrceli sityva, romelSic Cveuli oratoruli ostatobiT daasabuTa, rom sagareo safrTxem da baTumSi mimdinare molaparakebam TvalnaTliv aCvena `amierkavkasiis respublikis da misi sazavo delegaciis fiqtiuroba~’, es uazros xdida mis Semdgom arsebobas da `SesaZleblobas arTmevda qarTvel xalxs Seeqmna damoukidebeli saxelmwifo organizacia, romelic daicavda mis interesebs~. mcire kamaTis Semdeg seimma xmaTa absoluturi umravlesobiT (winaaRmdegi – ori) gamoitana dadgenileba amierkavkasiis federaciuli respublikis daSlis Sesaxeb. imave dRes, seimis daSlis Semdeg, imave SenobaSi Seikriba saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo, romelzec miwveulni iyvnen grafi Sulenburgi germaneli oficrebis TanxlebiT, samRvdeloeba da qarTveli oficroba. noe Jordaniam es movlena Seafasa `tragikul, magram qarTveli xalxisaTvis istoriul aqtad~, roca `mokvda erTi saxelmwifo da imave darbazSi safuZveli eyreba meore saxelmwifos~. erovnulma sabWom erTsulovnad miiRo saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti, romelsac, sxvebTan erTad, xeli moaweres haidar abaSiZem da yadir ServaSiZem. `es iyo ara marto maTi erovnul-patriotuli saqmianobis aRiareba-dafaseba, aramed samuslimano saqarTvelos vrceli regionis mravalricxovani mosaxleobisadmi WeSmaritad saxelmwifoebrivi yuradRebis gamoxatulebac. amiT saqarTvelos respublikis mTavroba, qristian qarTvelebTan erTad, cnobda mahmadiani qarTvelebis Tanabar uflebebs axali saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi. damoukideblobis aqtiT qveynis politikuri wyobilebis formad aRiarebuli iqna `demokratiuli respublika~, gamocxadda saqarTvelos mudmivi neitraliteti, respublikis yvela moqalaqis Tanasworoba ganurCevlad erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa, socialuri mdgomareobisa da sqesisa. mmarTvelobis politikuri formiT saqarTvelo demokratiul respublikas warmoadgenda. igi ar ereoda sxva saxelmwifoTa saqmeebSi da moqmedebda mudmivi neitralitetis statusiT. Tavis teritoriaze is uzrunvelyofda yvela moqalaqis socialur da politikur uflebebs, ganurCevlad erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa, socialuri mdgomareobisa da sqesisa. damoukideblobis aqti mTlianad pasuxobda imJamindel saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv normebs. damfuZnebeli krebis arCevamde, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos – parlamentis uflebamosileba mieniWa erovnul sabWos. 26 maisis sxdomazeve damtkicda saqarTvelos mTavrobis Semadgenlobac. eri daloca da damoZRvra kaTolikos-patriarqma kirion meorem: `damoukidebloba gvakisrebs did zrunvas da did moqalaqeobriv sibrZne-sifxizles Txoulobs Cvengan. erTobaSi aris Zalao, amboben, da Tu esea, exlandeli momenti miT umetes, moiTxovs yvelasagan Zmur SeerTebas~.