როგორ სწავლობენ რუსული სექტორის მოსწავლეები ქართულს და რა გამოწვევებია ამ მხრივ სკოლებში?
nana abulaZe 577 20 35 90 –
`gTxovT, auxsnaT vinmem am adamians, rom ar var valdebuli, Cems qveyanaSi Camosul russ, ukrainels Tu belaruss rusulad velaparako. keTili inebon da imdeni qarTuli mainc iswavlon, elementaruli raRacebi migvaxvedron~, – SfoTavda erT-erTi maRaziis konsultanti qalbatoni da iqve myof ruseTis moqalaqeebs qarTuli enis swavlisken mouwodebda. `Cven ar viciT qarTuli, qalbatono, vcade swavla, magram Zalian rTuli enaa da veraferi gavuge, Tumca gpirdebiT, viswavli da TqvenTvis gasageb enaze dagelaparakebiT~, – upasuxa qalbatons ruseTis moqalaqem da daZabulobis gansamuxtad megobrebs sTxova, daetovebinaT maRazia.
rogorc viciT, ruseTis ukrainaSi SeWris Semdeg saqarTvelos sazRvari ruseTis milionze metma moqalaqem gadmokveTa, maTgan daaxloebiT 113 000-mde darCa da aq cxovrobs. ra Tqma unda, am garemoebis gamo gaizarda mimarTvianoba rusulenovani da inglisurenovani seqtoris mqone sajaro Tu kerZo skolebSi. statistikuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi 54 skolaa, sadac swavla rusul enazea SesaZlebeli. rac Seexeba aWaris regions, aseTi 6 skolaa, maT Soris 4 – sajaro da 2 – kerZo.
anastasiam, romelic baTumis erT-erT kerZo skolaSi swavlobs, gviTxra, rom ar surs sakuTari vinaobis sagazeTod gamxela, radgan is, ris Tqmasac apirebs, SesaZloa, misi ojaxisTvis usiamovnebis momtani aRmoCndes, vinaidan maT sxva qveynis miwazec ki eSiniaT ruseTis reJimis, romelsac gamoeqcnen.
– kerZo skolaSi rusul seqtorze vswavlob, Cems klasSi swavloben rusi, ukraineli, belarusi, somexi, Turqi bavSvebi. yvelas kargi urTierToba gvaqvs erTmaneTTan. qarTvelebs davuaxlovdi, ramdenime maTgans ukve Cems megobrad vTvli, Tumca bevri qarTvelisgan vgrZnob zizRnarev mzeras. es ar mikvirs, radgan me da Cemma ojaxma viciT, rom ruseTs saqarTvelos 20 procenti aqvs okupirebuli, viciT, rom agresori qveyanaa, romelsac surs, mezobel qveynebze ibatonos da xeli SeuSalos maT winsvlasa da ganviTarebaSi. bevri rusi erovnebis adamiani SiSiT ver aRiarebs im realobas, rasac gamoveqeciT. mec, miuxedavad imisa, rom axla baTumSi vcxovrob, xmamaRla ver vlaparakob, radgan vici, rom aq bevri rusi erovnebis jaSuSia da SesaZloa, Cemma naTqvamma problemebi Seuqmnas Cems bebias, babuas, Zmas, axloblebs, romlebsac sxva arCevani ar aqvT da dRemde ruseTSi rCebian. rac Seexeba Tqvens kiTxvas, vswavlob Tu ara qarTuls, saubari, rogorc xedavT, cotaTi SemiZlia, Tumca wera da kiTxva jer ar vici. mSoblebi dampirdnen, rom male amiyvanen repetitors da Sevudgebi qarTulis swavlas. viazreb imas, rom Tu sabolood aq darCenas gadavwyvetT, aucilebelia, viswavloT im qveynis ena, sadac vicxovrebT. Zalian miyvars qarTvelebi, qarTuli cekvis swavla minda, ise momwons, ver aRgiwerT. baTumSi Cemi ori uaxloesi megobaric Camovida, ojaxebiT aq davsaxldiT, mogvwons aq cxovreba da mimaCnia, rom saqarTveloSi baTumi aris yvelaze ganviTarebuli da saocari qalaqi. vici, raxan dampirdiT, ar dawerT Cems gvars da skolas, sadac vswavlob. imedia, erT mSvenier dRes saqarTvelo daibrunebs dakargul teritoriebs, ruseTSi ki mova evropuli xedvebis xelisufleba, romelic qveyanas amoiyvans im siZulvilisgan, raSic axla imyofeba, – gviTxra anastasiam.
sazogadoebis aRSfoTeba mohyva im faqts, rom saqarTveloSi gaixsna rusuli araavtorizebuli skolebi, romlebsac xan saganmanaTleblo centri daarqves, xan – enis kursebis centri, Tumca faqtia, rom skolaa da saskolo programas gadian. isini ar eqvemdebarebian saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros, Sesabamisad, ar gascemen saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mier akreditebul dokumentebs, rac TavisTavad, arakanonieria.
baTumis mkvidr nodar beJaniZis TqmiT, ruseTis moqalaqeebi SefarviTi saxelebiT xsnian aseT kerebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, skolebs, sadac mxolod rusi, ukraineli da belarusi erovnebis bavSvebs SeuZliaT swavla.
– Cems mezoblad sakmaod didi farTi iqiraves da Tqves, rom studias xsnidnen, sadac nebismier bavSvs SeeZlo sxvadasxva ramis Seswavla, Tumca, ra Sedis am sxvadasxva rameSi, dRemde ver gavarkvie. roca farTis erT-erT mepatrones vkiTxe, ras aswavlidnen, man mipasuxa, rom maTi sivrce aris Tavisufali da sruliad demokratiuli, sadac bavSvebi axal da saintereso rameebs swavloben, maT Soris qarTul enasac, Tumca eWvi mepareba am yvelaferSi. minda, Cvenma xelisuflebam, ganaTlebis saministrom gaakontrolos mdgomareoba da aRkveTos ukanonoba. xsnian silamazis salonebs, kafe-barebs, uZravi qonebis saagentoebs, binebs yiduloben da, rogorc nodar dumbaZis `me, bebia, iliko da ilarionSia~, male mTeli qveyana egeni iqnebian, gamravldebian, gaZlierdebian da Cvenive samSobloSi arafrad Cagvagdeben. iqneb cotaTi gamofxizldes Cveni mTavroba, yurad iRos sazogadoebis SeSfoTeba da, sul mcire, moTxovon, rom pativi scen Cveni qveynis kanonebs, enas. marTla, sanam gviani ar aris, davdgeT mowodebis simaRleze, Torem siraqlemis pozaSi yofna, pirvel rigSi, maT daRupavs, visac Tavi qviSaSi Zalian Rrmad aqvs Carguli da Semdeg yvelas, zogadad qveyanas, – gviTxra nodar beJaniZem da kidev erTxel dasZina, rom sxva saxelebiT gaxsnili rusuli skolebi saqarTveloSi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda darCes ganaTlebis sistemis kontrolis miRma.
rogorc ganaTlebis eqspertebi miiCneven, saxelmwifo aRniSnuli tipis skolebSi socialur muSaks unda agzavnides, romelic gadaamowmebs, rogor midis swavleba da xom ar aris saSiSroeba, gaCndes ganaTlebis paraleluri sistema. rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnul skolebs aqvT moskovis skolebis akreditacia, Sesabamisad, isini miiReben rusul atestats da SeeZlebaT qarTul universitetebSi swavlac.
organizacia `saqarTvelos Ria sazogadoebis~ mier SemuSavda kvleva, dokumentSi naTqvamia, rom saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros monacemebiT, Tu rusulenovan sajaro skolebsa da seqtorebSi 2019-2020 wlebSi moswavleTa raodenoba 12920-s Seadgenda, es maCvenebeli 2023 wlisTvis 17470 moswavlemdea gazrdili. ruseTidan da belarusidan migrirebuli moswavleebis daaxloebiT 50% aris saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros daqvemdebarebul kerZo da sajaro avtorizebul skolebSi, xolo 50% – araformaluri ganaTlebis centrSi, romlebic operireben rusuli kanonmdeblobis qveS da Sesabamisi regulaciebiT aZleven distanciur ganaTlebas moswavleebs.
rogorc aRvniSneT, aWaris regionSi sul 6 skolaa, sadac funqcionirebs rusuli seqtori. rogor swavloben ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi qarTul enas, ra gamowvevebis winaSe dganan skolebi aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT, am sakiTxze baTumis #3 sajaro skolis direqtor iana Cadunels vesaubreT:
– ssip `q. baTumis #3 sajaro skolaSi~ 2023-2024 saswavlo wlis monacemebiT, arsebobs 69 klasi, aqedan, rusuli seqtori 21 klasiTaa warmodgenili. rusulenovan seqtorSi moswavleebisaTvis qarTuli enis swavleba savaldebuloa da isini qarTuls, rogorc meore enas, ise swavloben. qarTuli, rogorc meore ena, iswavleba ganaTlebis saministros mier grifminiWebuli saxelmZRvaneloebiT. rusulenovan seqtorSi, ZiriTadad, swavloben eTnikuri umciresobebi. bolo ramdenime welia, geopolitikuri mZime viTarebidan gamomdinare, masobrivad moxda ukrainis moqalaqeebis Semodineba da Cveni skolis sxvadasxva klasSi Caricxva. pirvel etapze miviReT 67 ukraineli moswavle, Tumca etapobrivad isev xdeba ukrainis teritoriaze arsebuli saomari mdgomareobis Sedegad dazaralebuli moswavleebis miReba sxvadasxva qveynidan. ucxoeTidan gadmosuli moswavleebi sxvadasxva klasSi iricxebian asakobrivi zRvarisa da Cveni qveynis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili saswavlo safexurebis mixedviT. es moswavleebi an nawilobriv floben qarTul enas, an saerTod ar floben. Sesabamisad, maTTvis vadgenT pirveli, meore da mesame donis enis Semswavlel individualur saswavlo gegmas, romelic erovnul saswavlo gegmaze dayrdnobiT yalibdeba. rogorc pedagogebisTvis, aseve, moswavleebisTvis swavlebis aseTi formati garkveul sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. umetesad, qarTuli enis gakveTilze, erT saklaso oTaxSi erTdroulad sxvadasxva safexuris moswavlea. am dros sagakveTilo procesis gamarTulad da efeqtianad warmarTva sakmaod rTulia. aRsaniSnavia, rom ucxoeTidan gadmosuli moswavleebis mier qarTuli enis Seswavlisadmi damokidebuleba gansxvavebulia. umetesad, didi interesi aqvT, aqtiurad erTvebian saswavlo procesSi, Tumca arian iseTebic, romlebic naklebi interesiT ekidebian qarTuli enis Seswavlas. Cveni mizania, saqarTveloSi myof nebismieri erovnebis moswavles, romlebic sxvadasxva mizezis gamo axla iwyeben Cvens saxelmwifoSi cxovrebas, gavuRvivoT interesi da SevaswavloT Cveni qveynis saxelmwifo ena, raTa advilad moxdes maTi integracia adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan da gaxdnen Cveni qveynis kulturisa da Rirebulebebis Tanaziarni. Cemi survilia, ucxoeTidan gadmosuli da Cvens skolaSi Caricxuli moswavleebisaTvis ganisazRvros qarTuli enis codnis done da qarTulis, rogorc meore enis, swavleba mimdinareobdes maTTvis gamoyofil sivrceebSi, sadac isini gaerTianebuli iqnebian pirvel, meore da mesame donis individualuri saswavlo gegmis mixedviT manam, sanam ar daZleven maTi, asakobrivad gansazRvruli, swavlebis dones. am ideas yvela pedagogi iziarebs, radgan ase gamartivdeba sagakveTilo procesis srulyofilad warmarTva. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom skolaSi saklaso oTaxebis arasakmarisi raodenoba ar gvaZlevs saSualebas, realurad ganvaxorcieloT aRniSnuli survili – ucxo qveynebidan gadmosuli moswavleebisaTvis gamartivdes qarTuli enis swavlebis procesi, igi gaxdes ufro efeqturi, moqnili da Sedegze orientirebuli, – gviTxra baTumis mesame sajaro skolis direqtorma iana Cadunelma.
imaze, Tu rogor swavloben rusuli seqtoris moswavleebi qarTul enas, gazeT `aWaras~ amave skolis qarTuli enisa da literaturis pedagogi maia jafariZec esaubra.
– saubars daviwyeb imiT, Tu ramdenad iCenen qarTuli enis Seswavlisadmi interess moswavleebi, romlebic rusul seqtorSi swavloben. gansakuTrebul interess iCenen is ojaxebi, romlebic didi xania baTumSi cxovroben da kargad aqvT gaTavisebuli, rom qarTuli enis srulyofilad Seswavlis gareSe, maTi Svilebi momavals ver Seqmnian saqarTveloSi, amitom did yuradRebas aqceven, rom maTma Svilebma srulyofilad aiTvison qarTuli ena. cotaTi gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa sxvadasxva qveynidan axlad gadmosul moswavleebTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, maTi interesi gansxvavebulia iqidan gamomdinare, rom jer ar arian Camoyalibebuli sabolood apireben Cvens qveyanaSi darCenas Tu droebiT arian aq. arian ojaxebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom isini droebiT arian saxelmwifoSi da maT qarTuli enis srulyofilad Seswavla didad ar sWirdebaT. Sesabamisad, rogori interesic modis ojaxidan, moswavlis midgomac sagakveTilo procesisadmi analogiuria. sasixarulod, miuxedavad imisa, rom umetesoba apirebs samSobloSi dabrunebas an sxva qveyanaSi sacxovreblad gadasvlas, miaCniaT, rom radgan amJamad saqarTveloSi cxovroben, pativi unda scen am qveyanas da aRniSnulis gamoxatvis niSnad qarTuli enis safuZvlianad da siRrmiseulad Seiwavlas cdiloben. arian mondomebulni da mobilizebulni sagakveTilo procesSi, yovelTvis mzad arian, miiRon codna da ganaTleba. sagakveTilo procesSi yvelaze didi sirTules qmnis is, rom erT saklaso oTaxSi qarTulis gakveTilze gvyavs ramdenime klasis moswavle. skolaSi axalgadmosuli moswavleebi asakis mixedviT sxdebian Sesabamis klasSi, magram qarTulis swavlas iwyeben pirveli safexuridan, radgan saerTod ar floben qarTul enas. magaliTad, Tu bavSvi, romelic ar flobs qarTul enas da gadmovida merve klasSi, daiwyo qarTulis saanbano periodidan Seswavla, gamodis, rom klasSi zis pirvelklaselTan erTad. erT klasSi SeiZleba myavdes meore, mesame da meoTxe donis moswavle qarTuli enis codnis safexurebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebTanac erTdroulad sxvadasxva tipis gakveTili maqvs Casatarebeli, rac qmnis Zalian did sirTules. sagakveTilo procesSi samnairi gakveTilis erTdroulad Catareba, dameTanxmebiT, rom Zalian rTulia, amitom, veTanxmebi skolis direqtoris da administraciis mosazrebas, rom am bavSvebisTvis, mxolod qarTulSi, Seiqmnas calke gakveTili. calke sivrceSi moxdes maTi codnis donis mixedviT dajgufeba da Sesabamisi donis dauflebis Semdeg, isini daubrundnen qarTulis gakveTilze TavianT klasebs. moswavle erT an or welSi unda daeuflos im doneze qarTuls, rom Tanabar mdgomareobaSi iyos TanaklaselebTan da momavalSi iricxebodes Semdgom klasSi.