სად გადის ზღვარი ბავშვის სიცელქესა და ქცევის დარღვევას შორის?

mariam xiTariSvili 568 39 39 33 –

bevri mSobeli da maswavlebeli aRniSnavs, rom zogjer bavSvebis sicelqe sazRvars scdeba da ukontroloa. sakiTxi sakmaod aqtualuria. sad gadis zRvari asakobriv sicelqesa da qcevis darRvevas Soris? am Temaze fsiqologi, qceviTi Terapevti da specialuri ganaTlebis maswavlebeli ana qanTaria gvesaubreba.

– qalbatono ana, romeli asakidan iwyeba qceviTi problemebi da rodis xdeba saWiro profesionalisTvis mimarTva?

– qceviTi sirTuleebi bavSvma SeiZleba Zalian adreul asakSi gamoavlinos, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac iwyeba damoukideblobisken swrafva, emociuri TviTregulaciis pirveli mcdelobebi da komunikaciis ganviTareba. kvlevebis Tanaxmad, pirveli niSnebi SesaZloa gamoCndes 18-dan 24 Tvis asakSi, magram yvelaze xSirad qceviTi problemebi TvalsaCino xdeba 2-dan 5 wlamde asakSi, rac Seesabameba e.w. normaluri ganviTarebis krizisebs. mniSvnelovania, davacalkevoT ganviTarebis normaluri sirTuleebi da aranormatiuli qceviTi problemebi, radgan yvela bavSvi gadis gamowvevebiT savse fazebs, rac jer ar niSnavs fsiqologiuri Carevis aucileblobas. profesionalisTvis mimarTva aucilebelia, roca: qcevebi intensiuri da xangrZlivia – anu problemuri qcevebi grZeldeba kvirebis an Tveebis ganmavlobaSi, zrdis tendenciiT; bavSvi azianebs sakuTar Tavs an sxvebs – fizikuri agresia, nivTebis ganzrax dazianeba; qceva xels uSlis bavSvis ganviTarebasa da yoveldRiur funqcionirebas, magaliTad, socialur urTierTobebSi, swavlis procesSi, ojaxur cxovrebaSi; ar amarTlebs tipuri aRzrdis meTodebi – ukiduresi daRla, umoqmedobis gancda, damTrgunveli urTierToba bavSvTan. kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom qceviTi darRvevebis adreul etapze gamovlena da Careva mniSvnelovnad zrdis pozitiuri Sedegebis Sanss da xels uSlis momavalSi ufro seriozul fsiqosocialur sirTuleebs. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania reagireba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu problemuri qcevebi bavSvTan erTad izrdeba da ar iklebs asakis matebasTan erTad.

– ra aris qceviTi aSlilobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli niSnebi?

– qceviTi aSlilobebi, rogoricaa opoziciuri-gamomwvevi aSliloba da qceviTi aSliloba, ZiriTadad gamoixateba socialuri normebis, wesebisa da avtoritetis sistematurad uaryofiT, agresiul da xSirad mizanmimarTulad Semawuxebel qcevebSi. mniSvnelovania, rom es qcevebi gamovlindes grZeli periodis ganmavlobaSi, konkretul garemoebebSi da sistematurad. yvelaze gavrcelebuli niSnebia: uaris Tqma da provokaciuli qceva – bavSvi xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba zrdasrulTa miTiTebebs, ar emorCileba wesebs, ganzrax arRvevs sazRvrebs; mowiwebisa da sinanulis ararseboba – ar aRiarebs Tavis danaSauls, ar iCens sinanuls, an cdilobs pasuxismgeblobis gadatanas sxvaze; zedmetad agresiuli qcevebi – dartyma, gineba, nivTebis dazianeba, cxovelebisadmi sastiki mopyroba; paraskevoba, sicrue, manipulacia – rekurentuli tyuili, mSoblebis, maswavleblebis motyueba an situaciebis sakuTaris sasargeblod Sebruneba; skolaSi an sazogadoebaSi wesebis darRveva – metad SesamCnevia skolis garemoSi konfliqtebi TanatolebTan, maswavleblebTan, mudmivi disciplinuri zomebi; emociuri regulaciis sirTuleebi – frustraciasTan gaumklavebloba, afeqturi amofrqvevebi umniSvnelo gamowvevebze. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom bavSvebi, romelTac es niSnebi aReniSnebaT, xSirad, zrdasrul asakSi ganicdian fsiqosocialur sirTuleebs – arastabiluri qcevebi, samarTlebrivi problemebi, socioemociuri distresi. amitom saWiroa drouli diagnostika da Terapiuli Careva.

– ra gansxvavebaa qceviT aSlilobasa da normalur asakobriv sirTuleebs Soris?

– qceviT aSlilobasa da normalur asakobriv sirTuleebs Soris gansxvavebis dadgena kritikulad mniSvnelovania, radgan yvela bavSvi sxvadasxva etapze gamoxatavs uaryofiT emociebs, rac ganviTarebis bunebrivi nawilia, Tumca saWiroa, SevZloT maT Soris zRvaris gavleba. normaluri asakobrivi sirTuleebi, rogorc wesi, droebiTia, grZeldeba 2-dan 6 kviramde da dakavSirebulia konkretul situaciebTan, rogorebicaa daRliloba, SimSili an rutinis cvlileba. aseTi qcevebi zomieria da asakTan erTad umjobesdeba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca mSoblebi iyeneben pozitiur da Tanmimdevrul aRzrdis midgomebs. am dros bavSvis qceva ar axdens mniSvnelovan gavlenas socialur urTierTobebsa Tu funqcionirebaze. sapirispirod, qceviTi aSliloba xasiaTdeba qcevis qronikulobiT, xSirad grZeldeba mTeli weli an metic, intensiuri da gamwvavebuli formiT. es qcevebi vlindeba yvela garemoSi (saxlSi, skolaSi, sazogadoebaSi) da ar aris konkretul situaciaze mibmuli. bavSvs uWirs TviTregulacia, qceva ar umjobesdeba asakis matebasTan erTad da xSirad iwvevs mniSvnelovan zians rogorc socialur urTierTobebSi, ise akademiur an ojaxur funqcionirebaSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi mSoblebis tipuri, pozitiuri midgomebi ar aris efeqturi da saWiro xdeba profesiuli Careva. magaliTad, normaluria, Tu 3 wlis bavSvi tiris an yviris, roca ver miiRo saTamaSo. es aris emociuri TviTregulaciis ganviTarebis nawili, magram Tu 6-7 wlis bavSvi yoveldRiurad msgavsad reagirebs, Tan ar aRiarebs Tavis qcevebs, xSirad eCxubeba Tanatolebs, arRvevs wesebs da ar reagirebs mSoblis an maswavleblis Carevaze, es ukve SeiZleba miuTiTebdes qceviT aSlilobaze, romelic saWiroebs Sesabamisi specialistisTvis mimarTvas da mizanmimarTul Terapiul Carevas.

– romeli faqtorebi SeiZleba iyos qceviTi aSlilobis gamomwvevi?

– qceviTi aSlilobebi ganixileba mravalfaqtoriani modelis farglebSi, rac niSnavs, rom maTi warmoSoba damokidebulia sxvadasxva biologiuri, fsiqologiuri da socialuri faqtoris urTierTqmedebaze. samecniero literatura gvTavazobs e.w. biofsiqosocialur models, romelic aerTianebs Semdeg komponentebs: genetikuri faqtorebi: kvlevebma aCvena, rom qceviTi aSlilobebis mqone bavSvebis 40-60%-s aqvs ojaxis istoria, sadac msgavsi problemebi arsebobda. genebi gavlenas axdens iseT maxasiaTeblebze, rogorebicaa impulsuroba, emociuri reaqtiuloba, agresiis regulacia da TviTkontroli. gansakuTrebuli kavSiri ikveTeba dofaminur da serotoninur neiromediatorul sistemebTan, rac gavlenas axdens bavSvis qceviT reagirebasa da grZnobebis marTvaze. garemo faqtorebi: ojaxuri stresi, ekonomikuri sirTuleebi, mSoblebis qorwinebiTi konfliqtebi, an mSoblis fsiqikuri janmrTelobis problemebi qmnis bavSvisTvis arastabilur da araprognozirebad garemos. mkacri, araTanmimdevruli an gulgrili aRzrdis stili, aseve, fizikuri dasjis gamoyeneba aZlierebs agresiul da defiantur qcevebs. fsiqologiuri faqtorebi: bavSvis individualuri temperamenti (maRali mgrZnobeloba, reaqtiuloba); gadatanili travmuli movlenebi, uaryofiTi emociuri gamocdileba an mitovebis gancda; fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, rogorebicaa SfoTviTi aSliloba, depresia an ganviTarebis darRvevebi, SesaZloa, TanxvedraSi arsebobdes qceviT darRvevebTan. am monacemebis moyvaniT imis Tqma minda, rom qceviTi aSlilobebi ver aixsneba erTi faqtoriT. is iCens Tavs, roca genetikuri midrekileba ukavSirdeba stresul garemosa da fsiqologiur sirTuleebs. rac ufro adreul asakSi moxdeba am riskebis identificireba da maTze reagireba, miT ufro maRalia pozitiuri ganviTarebis Sansi.

– rogor moqmedebs mSoblebis qceva an aRzrdis stili bavSvebis qceviT problemebze?

– mSoblebis qceva da aRzrdis stili aris erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani faqtori bavSvis qceviTi regulaciis ganviTarebaSi. fsiqologiuri da ganviTarebis Teoriebi miuTiTebs, rom mSoblebis Tanmimdevruli, empaTiuri da struqturirebuli midgoma exmareba bavSvs, daareguliros emociebi, aswavlos sazRvrebis miReba da TviTkontroli. mavne gavlenis mqone aRzrdis stilidan ganvixiloT avtoritaruli aRzrdis stili (mkacri, araempaTiuri), rac gulisxmobs zedmetad mkacr wesebs, xSir dasjas da bavSvis grZnobebis ugulebelyofas. is iwvevs SiSze dafuZnebul damorCilebas an piriqiT, agresias da defians. aseve, gulgrili an dabali CarTulobis mqone mSobloba – yuradRebis deficiti, emociuri kavSiris Sewyveta an ararseboba, qcevis ignorireba, rac saboloo jamSi, xels uwyobs bavSvSi arasasurvelobis suraTis Seqmnas, rom misi qceva aravis adardebs, es ki problemuri qcevis sixSires zrdis; aRzrdis stili, romelic gulisxmobs mkafio sazRvrebis arqonas – Tu mSobeli ver adgens Tanmimdevrul wesebs, bavSvi ver swavlobs ra aris miRebuli da miuRebeli. es qmnis qaosur garemos, sadac qceva ar regulirdeba. ganvixiloT aRzrdis dadebiTi gavlenis mqone stilebi, magaliTad, avtoritetuli aRzrda (Tanmimdevruli, mzrunveli), romelic moicavs struqturas, wesebs da amavdroulad, siyvarulsa da empaTias. aseTi mSoblebi xels uwyoben bavSvis TviTregulaciis ganviTarebas. aseve, pozitiuri mSobloba da qcevis marTvis strategiebi – pozitiuri ganmtkiceba, waxaliseba, winaswari molodinebis gansazRvra, winaswar SeTanxmebuli Sedegebis gamoyvana da emociuri Tanadgoma aZlierebs pozitiur qcevas da amcirebs negatiurs.

– ra aris tantrumi da ratom xdeba is bavSvebSi?

– tantrumi aris Zlieri emociuri afeTqeba da dakavSirebulia bavSvis unaris SezRudvasTan, marTos sakuTari emociebi, moTxovnebi an imedgacrueba. tantrumis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: yvirili, tirili, Zirs dajdoma an dawola, fexebis bakuni,zogjer agresiuli qcevebi – nivTebis srola, dartyma an dacema iatakze, xSirad bavSvi am dros ver usmens, ver azrovnebs logikurad da ar reagirebs mSoblis saubarze. tantrumi dgeba, rodesac bavSvs aqvs komunikaciis SezRudva – patara asakSi bavSvebi jer kidev ver asaxeleben/gamoxataven TavianT grZnobebsa da moTxovnebs, rac iwvevs imedgacruebas; emociuri TviTregulaciis arqona – bavSvebi jer kidev swavloben, rogor daamuSaon Zlieri grZnobebi (gabrazeba, imedgacrueba, SiSi); sasurvelis miRebis mcdeloba – tantrumi SeiZleba gaxdes instrumenti, roca bavSvi aRmoaCens, rom am gziT iRebs sasurvels. daRliloba, SimSili, zedmeti stimulacia – es faqtorebi mniSvnelovnad zrdis tantrumis albaTobas. tantrumi ar aris `cudi qceva~ – es aris ganviTarebis bunebrivi etapi, romlis meSveobiTac bavSvi swavlobs emociuri mdgomareobebis regulaciasa da komunikacias. mSoblebis pasuxi am qcevaze gansazRvravs, iqceva Tu ara tantrumi stabilur problemad.

– romeli asakisTvis aris tantrumi normaluri da rodis aRar aris es normis farglebSi?

– tantrumi sruliad normaluria 1-dan daaxloebiT 4-5 wlamde asakSi. es aris ganviTarebis is etapi, rodesac bavSvi jer kidev ver flobs sakmaris emociur da komunikaciur unarebs, raTa gaakontrolos imedgacrueba an gabrazeba. normis farglebSia, roca tantrumebi iwyeba 12-18 Tvis asakidan da umetesad, qreba 4-5 wlisTvis, vlindeba epizodurad (ara yoveldRiurad), xdeba konkretul situaciaSi (daRliloba, wesis darRveva, moTxovnis arSesruleba) da TandaTan iklebs intensivoba asakis matebasTan erTad. amasTan, bavSvi SemdgomSi ganicdis sinanuls, an cdilobs emociebis damuSavebas. normidan gadaxra iTvleba, roca tantrumebi grZeldeba 6 wlamde an met xans da ar iklebs, xSirad vlindeba, dRis ganmavlobaSi ramdenimejer, Tan sdevs agresiuli qceva, ziani sakuTari Tavis an sxvis mimarT, xels uSlis socialur da akademiur funqcionirebas da bavSvs ar aReniSneba TviTregulaciis unaris gaumjobeseba. aseT SemTxvevebSi saWiroa specialistis Careva.

– rogor unda moiqces mSobeli tantrumis dros?

– tantrumis dros mSoblis qceva gadamwyvetia. sworad reagireba mniSvnelovnad amcirebs amgvari qcevis ganmeorebis Sanss. ra unda gaakeTos mSobelma: unda SeinarCunos simSvide, radgan tantrumi emociuri afeTqebaa da bavSvs sWirdeba usafrTxo garemo. ar gamoexmauros moTxovnebs, romlebic modis tirilis an yvirilis fonze. am gziT bavSvs vaswavliT, rom tantrumi ar aris efeqturi komunikaciis forma. unda gamoiyenos empaTiuri frazebi, rogoricaa: `vxedav, gabrazebuli xar~, `mesmis, rom SenTvis rTulia~. unda SeinarCunos struqtura da wesrigi, magaliTad: `vxvdebi, rom ginda saTamaSo, magram jer sakvebis droa“. unda SesTavazos alternativa, an gaiyvanos bavSvi mSvid garemoSi, raTa daexmaros mas damSvidebaSi. ra ar unda gaakeTos mSobelma: ar daiyviros an dasajos bavSvi fizikurad. aseTi qceva zrdis SiSsa da agresias; ar daTmos tantrumis gamo da ar daakmayofilos moTxovna, romelic gamoxatulia yviriliT an agresiiT; ar Seuracxyos an dascinos bavSvs („sircxvilia~, „ra sasacilod iqcevi~) – es amZafrebs emociur daZabulobas.

– rogor SevamciroT tantrumebis sixSire da intensivoba?

– tantrumis prevencia gacilebiT efeqtiania, vidre misi marTva afeTqebis momentSi. SesaZlebelia Semdegi strategiebis gamoyeneba: stabiluri rutinis Seqmna – dRis prognozirebadoba amcirebs SfoTvas da ukmayofilebas; winaswari gafrTxileba cvlilebebze – magaliTad, „xuT wuTSi vwyvetT TamaSs~, exmareba bavSvs emociurad moemzados cvlilebisTvis; pozitiuri ganmtkiceba – Seqeba im dros, roca bavSvi akontrolebs emocias an sworad iqceva, am dros ganvamtkicebT sasurvel qcevas; arCevnis SeTavazeba – roca bavSvs vaZlevT mcire arCevans (magaliTad, romel perangs Caicvam), mas uCndeba kontrolis gancda da mcirdeba protesti; emociebis swavleba da alternativebis miwodeba – bavSvs unda mivceT saSualeba, gamoxatos sakuTari emociebi sityvierad an simboluri aqtivobiT (xatva, TamaSi).

– ra roli aqvs emociuri regulaciis swavlebas tantrumebis marTvaSi?

– emociuri regulacia warmoadgens unars, daareguliro, daamuSao da jansaRad gamoxato emociebi. emociuri regulaciis swavleba aris tantrumis prevenciisa da marTvis centraluri komponenti. emociuri regulaciis unaris gareSe isini ver umklavdebian Zlieri grZnobebis gamowvevebs. regulaciis swavla xels uwyobs tantrumebis Semcirebas, radgan bavSvi swavlobs alternatiul gzebs – rogor moiqces imedgacruebis, gabrazebis an SiSis dros. saswavlo midgomebi moicavs: emociebis dasaxelebasa da gaazrebas – `gabrazebuli xar, modi, vilaparakoT~. aseve, damSvidebis teqnikebs – Rrma sunTqva, wylis daleva, feradi qaRaldiT muSaoba. kargi alternativaa, aseve, moTxrobebis, zRaprebis an simboluri TamaSebis gamoyenebac, raTa bavSvma ukeT gaiazros sakuTari emociuri mdgomareoba. emociuri regulaciis unari bavSvs ara mxolod tantrumis dros, aramed mTeli cxovrebis manZilze sWirdeba warmatebuli socialur-emociuri urTierTobebisTvis.

– arsebobs Tu ara gansxvavebuli midgomebi asakis, ganviTarebis donis an specifikuri diagnozis mixedviT?

– diax, qceviTi aSlilobis marTva efeqturi SeiZleba gaxdes mxolod maSin, rodesac igi efuZneba individualur midgomebs, romlebic iTvaliswinebs bavSvis asaks, ganviTarebis dones da Tu arsebobs, Tanmxleb diagnozs. asakobrivi maxasiaTeblebi: mcire asakis (2-5 wlis) bavSvebSi ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba TamaSze dafuZnebuli midgomebi, pozitiuri ganmtkiceba da rutinis stabilizacia. aq yuradReba eqceva emociebis saxeldebas, TviTregulaciis strategiebis ganviTarebasa da mSoblis ganaTlebas. skolis asakis bavSvebSi (6-12 weli) ukve SesaZlebelia struqturirebuli qceviTi Carevebis gamoyeneba, rogorebicaa, funqciuri qcevis Sefaseba, socialuri unarebis treningi da individualuri qceviTi gegmis SemuSaveba, mozardebSi ki, garda zemoT xsenebuli meTodebisa, ukve erTveba kognitur-qceviTi Terapia, radgan am asakSi bavSvi flobs meta-kognitur unarebs (emociis gaazreba, meqanizmebis TviTanalizi). ganviTarebis done da inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi: bavSvis kognitiuri da komunikaciuri unarebi gansazRvravs, ramdenad SesaZlebelia misTvis instruqciis micema, TviTregulaciis swavleba da funqciuri komunikaciis ganviTareba. magaliTad, araverbaluri bavSvebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba alternatiuli komunikaciis sistemebi, xolo dabali inteleqtis mqone bavSvebSi meti dro eTmoba vizualuri mxardaWerisa da motivaciis sistemebis sworad adaptirebas. sabolood, gansxvavebuli diagnozebi moiTxovs gansxvavebul intervenciebs, rac kidev erTxel usvams xazs saWiroebas individualur, mravalprofilur midgomaze dafuZnebuli Carevebisken.

– ra tipis Terapiebi an Carevebi gamoiyeneba qceviTi aSlilobisas?

– qceviTi aSlilobebis marTvaSi gamoiyeneba mravalmxrivi da kvlevebze/mtkicebulebebze dafuZnebuli Terapiebi. am Carevebis arCevani damokidebulia problemis tipze, simZimeze, asakze da Tanmxleb faqtorebze. qceviTi Terapia: qcevis analizze dafuZnebuli midgomebi exmareba bavSvs, Seiswavlos alternatiuli, misaRebi qcevebi da TandaTan Seamciros arasasurveli qcevebi. mniSvnelovania funqciuri qceviTi Sefaseba, rac dagvexmareba imis garkvevaSi, ratom iqceva bavSvi konkretulad ase, anu ris miRwevas cdilobs (ZiriTadi funqcia). kognitur-qceviTi Terapia: gansakuTrebiT efeqturia skolis asakisa da mozardebisTvis. Eexmareba bavSvebs, gaacnobieron maTi azrebi, grZnobebi da qcevebi, daamuSaon isini sworad da iswavlon alternatiuli qcevis strategiebi. jgufuri intervenciebi da socialuri unarebis treningi: efeqturia TanatolebTan konfliqtebis, agresiis an socialuri gaucxoebis SemTxvevaSi. bavSvebi swavloben problemebis mSvidad mogvarebas, empaTiasa da sazRvrebis dacvas. medikamentozuri mkurnaloba: gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevebSi, roca qceviTi Carevebi ar aris sakmarisi, an qceviTi aSliloba Tanmdevia sxva neirofsiqologiur darRvevasTan (magaliTad, bipolaruli aSliloba). es gadawyvetileba yovelTvis unda iyos fsiqiatris mier miRebuli, mkacrad individualur saWiroebebze dayrdnobiT.

– ramdenad efeqturia saTamaSo Terapia an artTerapia am SemTxvevaSi?

– saTamaSo da artTerapia warmoadgens aradireqtiul, empaTiur da bavSvisTvis bunebriv garemoSi ganxorcielebul Carevebs, romlebic gansakuTrebiT efeqtiania maSin, rodesac bavSvi ver axerxebs, sityvierad gamoxatos emociebi, an ganicdis fsiqo-socialur sirTuleebs. ufro vrclad maT Sesaxeb: TamaSiT Terapia – es meTodi dafuZnebulia mosazrebaze, rom TamaSi bavSvis bunebrivi enaa. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom TamaSiT Terapia gansakuTrebiT efeqturia 3-10 wlis bavSvebSi, qceviTi problemebis, SfoTvis, travmuli gamocdilebis an ojaxuri konfliqtis fonze. aseve, igi amcirebs agresias, aZlierebs TviTSefasebas, xels uwyobs emociuri TviTregulaciis ganviTarebas. artTerapia – artTerapia iyenebs xelovnebas TviTgamoxatvis saSualebad. misi meSveobiT bavSvi araverbalurad gamoxatavs rTul emociebs, rac xSirad ver gadmoaqvs sityvebiT. gansakuTrebiT efeqturia SfoTvis, depresiis, qceviTi aSlilobis da socialuri distancirebis SemTxvevebSi. mxatvruli aqtivobebi aZlierebs TviTrefleqsias, simSvidesa da problemebis gadamuSavebis unars.